The Segmented Electorate: Presidential Campaigns and Their Consequences in an Information Age

It is common to think of presidential elections as long campaigns waged by two warring powers, each competing for the hearts-and-minds of American voters. Yet this metaphor masks considerable variation in how voters experience the campaign in the run-up-to Election Day. We focus on how the rise of candidate-centered campaigns in has created a situation in which some voters experience an avalanche of information from the campaigns and others hear next to nothing. We argue that when we carefully consider which voters should be most responsive to campaign information, that the pattern of segmentation that exists does not advance a nation-wide campaign about the health of American politics

ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL ULANGAN AKHIR SEMESTER PADA MATA PELAJARAN TEORI PENGELASAN DI SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 3 YOGYAKARTA

ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL ULANGAN AKHIR SEMESTER PADA MATA PELAJARAN TEORI PENGELASAN DI SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 3 YOGYAKARTA Oleh : Habel D. Kadiwaru NIM. 11503249028 ABSTRAK Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas soal Ulangan Akhir Semester Mata Pelajaran Teori Pengelasan Kelas X TP 2 Semester Genap Jurusan Teknik Pemesinan SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta tahun ajaran 2014/2015. Kegiatan analisis meliputi validitas butir soal, reliabilitas soal, tingkat kesukaran butir soal, dan daya beda butir soal. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif, karena penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas soal Ulangan Akhir Semester mata pelajaran Teori Pengelasan kelas X TP 2 Jurusan Teknik Pemesinan SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta tahun ajaran 2014/2015. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah data yang diperoleh langsung dapat dianalisis untuk mengetahui validitas butir soal dan reliabilitas soal, daya beda, dan taraf kesukaran Ulangan Akhir Semester tersebut. Selanjutnya hasil dari analisis dikorelasikan dengan kriterium yang ada. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari 40 butir soal ditinjau dari tingkat validitas memiliki kategori valid 32 butir soal, 1 butir soal dinyatakan rendah dan 7 butir soal invalid. Indeks reliabilitas 0,46 dengan kreteria cukup, sedangkan dilihat dari tingkat kesukaran kategori sukar 17 butir, sedang 17 butir soal dan mudah 6 butir soal. Sedangkan dilihat dari daya pembeda dalam kategori baik sebanyak 8 butir soal, sedang 9 dan tidak baik sebanyak 23 butir soal. Kata kunci: Analisis butir, Teori Pengelasan, SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Yogyakarta

Synthesis of OCL Pre-conditions for Graph Transformation Rules

Proceedings of: Third International Conference on Model Transformation (ICMT 2010): Theory and Practice of Model Transformation. Málaga, Spain, 28 June-02 July, 2010Graph transformation (GT) is being increasingly used in Model Driven Engineering (MDE) to describe in-place transformations like animations and refactorings. For its practical use, rules are often complemented with OCL application conditions. The advancement of rule post-conditions into pre-conditions is a well-known problem in GT, but current techniques do not consider OCL. In this paper we provide an approach to advance post-conditions with arbitrary OCL expressions into pre-conditions. This presents benefits for the practical use of GT in MDE, as it allows: (i) to automatically derive pre-conditions from the meta-model integrity constraints, ensuring rule correctness, (ii) to derive pre-conditions from graph constraints with OCL expressions and (iii) to check applicability of rule sequences with OCL conditions.Work funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects “Design and construction of a Conceptual Modeling Assistant” (TIN2008-00444/TIN - Grupo Consolidado), “METEORIC” (TIN2008-02081),mobility grants JC2009-00015 and PR2009-0019, and the R&D program of the Community of Madrid (S2009/TIC-1650, project “e-Madrid”).Publicad

Konstruksi Identitas Kepapuaan Dalamdinamika Arus Demokrasi

Pembentukan identitas seseorang baik sebagai individu maupunkelompok pada perinsipnya melalui dua proses relasi, yaitu relasi denganorang lain dan dirinya sendiri. Dalam relasinya dengan orang lain itulahkemudian membuka peluang bahwa pembentukan identitas sangat dipengaruhifaktor eksternal. Studi ini memfokuskan pada pembentukan identitas wargaPapua dalam relasinya dengan narasi dominan, yaitu negara dan agama, dimana keduanya selama ini merupakan faktor eksternal yang cukup dominandalam mengkonstruksi identitas Papau.Temuan studi ini antara lain, identitas kepapuan dikonstruksikan olehkekuatan negara melalui politik penyeragaman. Pada masa itu orang Papuaadalah obyek yang dipandang oleh pemerintah pusat, sehingga terusmengalami marginalisasi dalam segala aspek kehidupan baik politik, ekonomi,maupun sosial-kebudayaan. Melalui proyek kesatuan dan persatuan bangsa,orang Papua harus menjadi orang Indonesia yang bias pusat. Di sinilahkemudian terjadi bagaimana konstruksi Papua oleh pusat berada dalam posisiyang dipandang sebagai daerah pinggiran. Mula-mula cara pandang pusatmemang secara teritori, tetapi kemudian juga secara politik dan kebudayaan.Oleh karena itu Papua mengalami marginalisasi baik secara politik maupunkebudayaan.Sementara itu, agama, dalam hal ini agama Kristen, memandangsistem keyakinan masyarakat Papua yang lebih berkarakter animisme sebagailiyan (others). Dalam pandangan Kristen agama lokal orang Papua adalahmasalah yang harus diselesaikan dengan sistem keyakinan Kristen, agamasmitis yang monotiesme. Sebagai narasi dominan, agama Kristenmemposisikan diri sebagai superior atas inferioritas agama lokal orangPapua. Karena itu dalam rangka kristenisasi agama lokal Papua semuakeyakinan orang Papua harus ditinggalkan dan harus memeluk Kristen.Politik penundukan ini berlangsung secara sistematis melalui berbagai jalur,baik politik, ekonomi, dan kebudayaan.Dalam kondisi dan kesadaran sebagai orang pinggiran itulahkemudian orang Papua mengkonstruksi identitasnya. Pada umumnya orangtidak pernah mempertanyakan bahwa bagaimana proses terbentuknyakesadaran itu, yang sebenarnya kesadaran yang dibentuk, sebuah kesadarandikonstruksikan oleh pihak eksternal dan ketika melakukan proses komunikasiintrapersonal maka terjadilah proses konsensus bahwa kami orang Papuamemang seperti yang dikonstruksikan oleh pihak luar itu

Soft Covariant Gauges on the Lattice

We present an exploratory study of a one-parameter family of covariant, non-perturbative lattice gauge-fixing conditions, that can be implemented through a simple Monte Carlo algorithm. We demonstrate that at the numerical level the procedure is feasible, and as a first application we examine the gauge dependence of the gluon propagator.Comment: 11 pages, Latex, epsf.sty included + 5 PostScript picture

Confinement Phenomenology in the Bethe-Salpeter Equation

We consider the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in Euclidean metric for a qbar-q vector meson in the circumstance where the dressed quark propagators have time-like complex conjugate mass poles. This approximates features encountered in recent QCD modeling via the Dyson-Schwinger equations; the absence of real mass poles simulates quark confinement. The analytic continuation in the total momentum necessary to reach the mass shell for a meson sufficiently heavier than 1 GeV leads to the quark poles being within the integration domain for two variables in the standard approach. Through Feynman integral techniques, we show how the analytic continuation can be implemented in a way suitable for a practical numerical solution. We show that the would-be qbar-q width to the meson generated from one quark pole is exactly cancelled by the effect of the conjugate partner pole; the meson mass remains real and there is no spurious qbar-q production threshold. The ladder kernel we employ is consistent with one-loop perturbative QCD and has a two-parameter infrared structure found to be successful in recent studies of the light SU(3) meson sector.Comment: Submitted for publication; 10.5x2-column pages, REVTEX 4, 3 postscript files making 3 fig

Evolution along the Great Rift Valley: phenotypic and genetic differentiation of East African white-eyes (Aves, Zosteropidae)

The moist and cool cloud forests of East Africa represent a network of isolated habitats that are separated by dry and warm lowland savannah, offering an opportunity to investigate how strikingly different selective regimes affect species diversification. Here, we used the passerine genus Zosterops (white-eyes) from this region as our model system. Species of the genus occur in contrasting distribution settings, with geographical mountain isolation driving diversification, and savannah interconnectivity preventing differentiation. We analyze (1) patterns of phenotypic and genetic differentiation in high- and lowland species (different distribution settings), (2) investigate the potential effects of natural selection and temporal and spatial isolation (evolutionary drivers), and (3) critically review the taxonomy of this species complex. We found strong phenotypic and genetic differentiation among and within the three focal species, both in the highland species complex and in the lowland taxa. Altitude was a stronger predictor of phenotypic patterns than the current taxonomic classification. We found longitudinal and latitudinal phenotypic gradients for all three species. Furthermore, wing length and body weight were significantly correlated with altitude and habitat type in the highland species Z.poliogaster. Genetic and phenotypic divergence showed contrasting inter- and intraspecific structures. We suggest that the evolution of phenotypic characters is mainly driven by natural selection due to differences in the two macro-habitats, cloud forest and savannah. In contrast, patterns of neutral genetic variation appear to be rather driven by geographical isolation of the respective mountain massifs. Populations of the Z.poliogaster complex, as well as Z.senegalensis and Z.abyssinicus, are not monophyletic based on microsatellite data and have higher levels of intraspecific differentiation compared to the currently accepted species

Gluon Propagator in the Infrared Region

The gluon propagator is calculated in quenched QCD for two different lattice sizes (16^3x48 and 32^3x64) at beta=6.0. The volume dependence of the propagator in Landau gauge is studied. The smaller lattice is instrumental in revealing finite volume and anisotropic lattice artefacts. Methods for minimising these artefacts are developed and applied to the larger lattice data. New structure seen in the infrared region survives these conservative cuts to the lattice data. This structure serves to rule out a number of models that have appeared in the literature. A fit to a simple analytical form capturing the momentum dependence of the nonperturbative gluon propagator is also reported.Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, using RevTeX. Submitted to Phys. Rev. D. This and related papers can also be obtained from http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/~jskuller/papers

Gluon mass generation in the PT-BFM scheme

In this article we study the general structure and special properties of the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the gluon propagator constructed with the pinch technique, together with the question of how to obtain infrared finite solutions, associated with the generation of an effective gluon mass. Exploiting the known all-order correspondence between the pinch technique and the background field method, we demonstrate that, contrary to the standard formulation, the non-perturbative gluon self-energy is transverse order-by-order in the dressed loop expansion, and separately for gluonic and ghost contributions. We next present a comprehensive review of several subtle issues relevant to the search of infrared finite solutions, paying particular attention to the role of the seagull graph in enforcing transversality, the necessity of introducing massless poles in the three-gluon vertex, and the incorporation of the correct renormalization group properties. In addition, we present a method for regulating the seagull-type contributions based on dimensional regularization; its applicability depends crucially on the asymptotic behavior of the solutions in the deep ultraviolet, and in particular on the anomalous dimension of the dynamically generated gluon mass. A linearized version of the truncated Schwinger-Dyson equation is derived, using a vertex that satisfies the required Ward identity and contains massless poles belonging to different Lorentz structures. The resulting integral equation is then solved numerically, the infrared and ultraviolet properties of the obtained solutions are examined in detail, and the allowed range for the effective gluon mass is determined. Various open questions and possible connections with different approaches in the literature are discussed.Comment: 54 pages, 24 figure