relatório de estágio

Relatório de estágio apresentado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Treino Desportivo, na Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo.A formação desportiva deve ser caracterizada por ser um processo que contribua para a formação global e não unilateral das crianças e jovens, de acordo com atividades físicas que promovam o desenvolvimento das capacidades físicas de uma forma gradual. Neste sentido, é imperativo que se conheça o processo de formação desportiva, definindo objetivos em cada uma das etapas de formação, de modo a que a evolução das crianças e jovens aconteça de uma forma natural. O presente relatório de estágio surge como o culminar de toda a etapa do mestrado em Treino Desportivo, da Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, com o objetivo de obter o grau de Mestre. De acordo com a especialização escolhida – futebol – o estágio foi realizado no Moreirense Futebol Clube, em Guimarães. Os objetivos deste estágio foram: (i) ser treinadora-principal dos Sub-12, onde se enquadravam o planeamento do microciclo, planificação das sessões de treino e operacionalização; (ii) avaliar as determinantes físicas de atletas jovens de futebol – Sub-15, Sub-17 e Sub-19; (iii) monitorização do treino dos Sub-19 e (iv) produzir e publicar um artigo científico relacionado com o efeito de dois jogos reduzidos na aptidão física de jovens jogadores de futebol. Os objetivos propostos foram inteiramente cumpridos, com as expetativas em relação ao mestrado e ao estágio totalmente superadas. Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma investigação-ação, consistindo num estudo quase-experimental com intervenção de oito semanas, objetivando-se comparar os efeitos da implementação de jogos reduzidos (JR) 2v2 (grupo A) e 4v4 (grupo B), na aptidão física dos jovens futebolistas. O grupo do JR 2v2 apresentou diferenças significativas, após as oito semanas, no Single Leg Hop Esquerda (p<0,001; d = 3,405), teste Proagility (p<0,019; d = -1,145), e teste de Yo-Yo Intermitent Recovery test level 1 (YYIRTL1) (p<0,016; d = 1,198). Já o grupo do JR 4v4 apresentou apenas diferenças estatisticamente significativas no YYIRTL1 (p<0,004; d = 1,322). A comparação entre grupos, após as oito semanas, apresentou diferenças significativas na aceleração (p<0,027).Sports training should be characterized as a process that contributes to the overall and not one-sided development of children and young people, through physical activities that promote the gradual development of physical capacities. In this sense, it is imperative to understand the sports training process, defining objectives in each stage of training, so that the progression of children and young people occur naturally. This internship report serves as the culmination of the entire Master's degree program in Sports Training at the School of Sport and Leisure, with the aim of obtaining the degree of Master's. According to the chosen specialization - football - the internship was carried out at Moreirense Football Club in Guimarães. The objectives of this internship were: (i) to be the head coach of the Under-12 team, including planning the microcycle, session planning, and implementation; (ii) to evaluate the physical determinants of young football athletes - Under-15, Under-17, and Under-19; (iii) to monitor the training of the Under-19 team, and (iv) to produce and publish a scientific article related to the effect of two small-sided games on the physical fitness of young football players. The proposed objectives were fully achieved, with expectations regarding the Master's degree and the internship being surpassed. Additionally, an action-research was carried out, consisting of a quasi-experimental study with an eight-week intervention, aiming to compare the effects of the implementation of small-sided games 2v2 (group A) e 4v4 (group B), in the physical fitness of young soccer players. The 2v2 group showed significant differences, after eight weeks, in the Single Leg Hop Left (p<0,001; d = 3,405), proagility test (p<0,019; d = -1,145) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1 (YYIRTL1) (p<0,016; d = 1,198). The small-sided games 4v4 group showed only statistically significant differences in YYIRTL1 (p<0,004; d = 1,322). Comparison between groups, after eight weeks, showed significant differences in acceleration (p<0,027)

Processo da compreensão leitora de crianças surdas : diferenças semânticas : o surdo gestualista e o surdo oralista

Para que se possa viver, interagir ou comunicar o ser humano necessita de uma língua, oral ou gestual, para assim adquirir e aperfeiçoar uma aprendizagem social, cognitiva e linguística. No caso de crianças surdas é primordial a interação num ambiente linguístico capaz de fornecer a estas crianças uma aquisição e um desenvolvimento de uma língua materna. Numa sociedade maioritariamente ouvinte a criança surda terá de conhecer ou até dominar o português escrito como forma de ingresso ao conhecimento e participação na vida em sociedade. Contudo, comparativamente às crianças ouvintes, o ensino da leitura e da escrita não pode ser transmitido como língua materna, uma vez que estão privados da modalidade oral. É fundamental a acoplagem que estas duas línguas assumem na vida de crianças e alunos surdos pois comunicar em língua gestual portuguesa e português escrito constitui a possibilidade de crescer em duas línguas, como primeira e segunda língua respetivamente. O objetivo deste estudo visa observar o processo de compreensão leitora de crianças surdas, comparando surdos gestualistas e surdos oralistas, uma vez que estão privados do in - put auditivo essencial para aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem e comunicação e o aumento progressivo da capacidade do campo lexical e significação das palavras (semântica). O estudo incidiu em catorze crianças que frequentam turmas bilingues e visa perceber de que forma é feita as aprendizagens linguísticas. A análise e tratamento de dados foram concebidos através de observações diretas na sala de aula e do conteúdo das entrevistas feitas à equipa multidisciplinar que trabalham na escola de referência para a educação bilingue. Os resultados obtidos indicam-nos para uma redução e limitação nas capacidades semânticas e problemas de aprendizagem na leitura e na escrita nas crianças surdas, devido ao facto de estarem privadas da informação oral bem como da estrutura gramatical da língua gestual portuguesa ser diferente da estrutura gramatical do português escrito.Comparativamente aos alunos gestualistas, os alunos oralistas evidenciam-se num aumento semântico e vocabular porque têm mais acesso à oralidade, ao significado da palavra e as dificuldades manifestam-se principalmente no abstrato enquanto os gestualistas têm mais dificuldades ao nível da compreensão e expressão, limitando mais a aquisição lexical. Contudo ressalve-se a ideia que cada criança possui capacidades, potencialidades e peculiaridades provenientes de vários fatores (idade do implante, família, parte cognitiva, entre outros) que possam, ou não, comprovar as conclusões e ilações aqui apresentadas e que devem ser sempre ponderadas.In order to live, interact or communicate the human being needs a language, oral or gestural, to if of acquire and perfect cognitive and linguistic social learning. In the case of deaf children is paramount important the interaction in a linguistic environment able to provide these children with an acquisition and development of or mother tongue. In a hearing society most deaf children have to know or even dominate Portuguese writing as a means to access knowledge and participation in society. However, compared to hearing children, teaching reading and writing can not be transmitted as their mother tongue, since they are deprived of the oral modality. It is critical the coupling that these two languages have in the lives of deaf children and students because communicating in Portuguese sign language and written Portuguese allows the student to grow in both languages as a first language and second respectively. The objective of this study is to observe the process of reading comprehension of deaf children, comparing deaf children who communicate through gestures and oralist deaf people since they are deprived of input – essential for the acquisition and development of language and communication and gradually increasing the capacity of the lexical field and meaning of words (semantics). The study focused on fourteen children attending bilingual classes and tried to realize how language learning is made. The analysis and data processing have been designed through direct observation in the classroom and the content of the interviews made by the multidisciplinary team working in a reference school for bilingual education. The results indicate us that there is a reduction and limitation in semantic abilities and learning problems in reading and writing in deaf children, because they are deprived of oral information and the grammatical structure of Portuguese Sign Language is different from the grammatical structure of written Portuguese.Compared deaf students who communicate through gestures to oralist deaf students, the latter show semantic and lexical increase because they have more access to orality, to meaning of the word and the difficulties are manifested mainly in the abstract while those using gestures have more difficulties in comprehension and expression, which limits more the lexical acquisition. However, we should note that the idea that every child has capacities, potentials and peculiarities from various factors (age of the implant, family, cognitive part, among others) that may or may not confirm the findings and conclusions presented here and that should always be weighted

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Resumos concluídos - Enfermagem

Resumos concluídos - Enfermage