The sustainability of start-up firms among formerly wage workers

In this paper we analyse the survival of start-up firms among formerly wage workers in Spain. In particular, we address the question of how long do these workers remain self-employed before entering into unemployment or returning to a new paid-employment, using well-known duration model techniques. Results show that a higher survival rate in self-employment is associated to men, prime-age workers and individuals with higher previous labour turnover. Moreover, longer unemployment spells are found to speed up the rate of transition to non-employment and to reduce that to paid employment. Finally, the probability of exiting decreases with duration in self-employment

Efectos de las políticas de formación a desempleados

Mientras el gasto en políticas activas de empleo ha crecido significativamente durante los últimos años en España, la efectividad de estas políticas dista de ser suficientemente conocida. Esta investigación parte de la idea de que estas medidas no suponen beneficios indiscutibles, como se ha demostrado a través de diversos trabajos realizados en otros países, y analiza los efectos de una de las actividades más importantes, la formación a personas desempleadas. El artículo refleja los resultados de una investigación aplicada en una comunidad autónoma española, realizada a partir de una evaluación de los demandantes de un programa voluntario de formación. Los efectos estimados son positivos en el corto y el medio plazo, aunque modestos, en relación con el acceso al empleo y con el tiempo trabajado, mientras que no se observan efectos significativos sobre la situación laboral ni sobre los ingresos. Estos resultados son coincidentes con las investigaciones realizadas en otros países.desempleo, evaluación de políticas activas de mercado

Diferencias salariales entre empresas públicas y privadas. El caso español

El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en estudiar las diferencias salariales de los trabajadores españoles teniendo en cuenta la propiedad de la empresa, es decir si ésta es pública o privada. Se trata por tanto, de comprobar si las diferencias observables de salarios entre empresa pública y privada se deben a las características propias de los trabajadores o bien a la diferencia en el pago de determinadas características. Para ello utilizamos la Encuesta de Estructura Salarial de 2002 que proporciona información sobre la empresa, además de información salarial y características propias del trabajador. La metodología utilizada es un análisis paramétrico, en el que se recurre a la descomposición de Oaxaca para analizar las diferencias salariales, que se complementa con uno no paramétrico conocido como matching. Los resultados confirman que no hay evidencia de que exista una prima salarial en la empresa pública

important is access to employment offices in Spain? An urban and non-urban perspective

The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of the accessibility to employment offices on local unemployment rates according to the distribution of three different types of municipalities: large urban, small urban and non-urban. We built a new accessibility measure taking into account the number of employment offices together with the distance and size of their catchment area. We propose an empirical model with spatial regimes that allows including simultaneously spatial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation. The results suggest that the accessibility to employment offices is especially important in non-urban areas where employment opportunities are limited. Employment services are important because bridge the gap between unemployed workers and employers where job opportunities are unclear

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Las ayudas a la contratación en España

Las ayudas al empleo constituyen la principal política activa utilizada en España. El objetivo de este trabajo es llevar a cabo un análisis de los principales programas utilizados durante los últimos años. Se presta especial atención al programa de fomento del empleo y se revisan las medidas que desarrollan las comunidades autónomas, destacando su carácter adicional o complementario. Asimismo se lleva a cabo un estudio del impacto de las bonificaciones sobre el coste laboral de los distintos grupos de trabajadores y se señalan posibles efectos de estas medidas sobre la permanencia en el empleo