Arduino-controlled Reflectance Transformation Imaging to the study of cultural heritage objects

Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal (Grant Nos. UIDB/04349/2020 and UID/FIS/04559/2019)- Private funds. V.C. acknowledges the support from UID/Multi/04349/2019. J.C. acknowledges NOVA.ID.FCT.This article examines the development of a low-cost and portable set-up controlled by an Arduino board to perform Reflectance Transformation Imaging technique, from the information derived from 45 digital photographs of an object acquired using a stationary camera. The set-up consists of 45 high-intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs) distributed over a hemispherical dome of 70 cm in diameter and a digital camera on the top of the dome. The LEDs are controlled by an Arduino board, and the user can individually control the LEDs state (ON or OFF) and duration of illumination. An old manuscript written with iron-gall ink and a set of 1 Euro coins mint in 2002 were photographed with the set-up. The interactive re-lighting and the mathematical enhancement of the object's surface revealed corrosion, loss of material, scratches and other details, which were not perceived in standard images. These unique features, which can be extracted using edge detection processing, have immediate application in different fields such as cultural heritage or forensic studies, where they can be used as fingerprints to identify unique objects, allowing also recognizing the use of tools to alter the surface of coins to increase the price in the market.publishersversionpublishe

In-depth inhomogeneities in CIGS solar cells: identifying regions for performance limitations by PIXE and EBS

When considering materials to be used as active layers in solar cells, an important required parameter is the proper knowledge of their elemental composition. It should be heavily controlled during growth in order to obtain the desired bandgap and to decrease recombination defects and then increase the solar cell electrical performance. Ion beam analytical techniques and, in particular particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS), are quite suitable to determine the thickness and composition of such active layers. Furthermore, if these techniques are performed using a nuclear microprobe, lateral and in-depth inhomogeneities can be clearly observed from 2D maps. In many cases, composition variations can be detected from the classical 2D maps obtained from the PIXE spectra. In this work, it is shown how the in-depth variations can also be studied when considering 2D maps reconstructed from the EBS spectra. Such variations are derived from processing conditions and can be related to: i) composition, ii) thickness, iii) roughness, iv) other non-trivial issues. Examples obtained on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based cells are presented and discussed. Furthermore, the combination of ion beam analytical techniques such as PIXE and EBS is shown to be a competitive and alternative method to those more used and established techniques such as X-ray fluorescence for checking the average composition of the solar cells active layers or SIMS for the determination of elemental depth profile.publishe

Castanea sativa shells and fruits: Compositional analysis by proton induced X-ray emission

Chestnut fruits, from Castanea sativa Miller species, have been previously characterized mainly to study the nutritional and biochemical parameters, with mineral contents receiving less attention from the researchers, although these minerals are essential for several mechanisms in human body. In this study, a detailed elemental compositional analysis was performed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) to characterize two varieties of Castanea sativa Miller chestnuts (Longal and Judia). This study comprises the composition of the outer shells (pericarp), inner shells (episperm) and the edible fruits. From our knowledge, this is the first time that the presence of up to 20 elements on the shells and the fruits are reported. Furthermore, by PIXE it was possible to quantify them, allowing significant improvements in the assessment of chestnuts composition. Essential and nonessential elements were quantified on a food item that is used mainly for human consumption but it is also incorporated in animal feeding.Authors acknowledge R. Pinheiro for sample preparation. This work was developed within the Coordinated Research Project D61024 ‘‘Development of New Applications of Machine Generated Food Irradiation Technologies’’ financed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). IST authors gratefully acknowledge the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) support through the UID/Multi/04349/ 2013 and UID/FIS/50010/2013 projects.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Física aplicada à qualidade alimentar: identificação de metais por “pixe” em castanhas

A concentração na castanha de minerais como o cálcio, potássio, o magnésio e outros tem sido estudada tradicionalmente por absorção atómica ou por espectrofotometria de UV-VIS [1-2]. Neste trabalho foi estudada a composição elementar de duas variedades (Longal e Judia) de castanha europeia (Castanea sativa Mill.) com a técnica PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission). Os resultados preliminares mostram que a composição difere de acordo com a variedade, nos elementos maioritários e nos minoritários. Este estudo é parte de um projecto mais amplo, que visa avaliar o efeito do processamento pós-colheita de alimentos com feixe de electrões e raios-X.Coordinated Research Project D61024 ‘‘Development of New Applications of Machine Generated Food Irradiation Technologies’’, Agência Internacional de Energia Atómica (AIEA)

Heavy elements in chestnuts

Chestnut fruit (CasChestnuts, Castanea sativa, heavy elements, PIXEtanea sativa Miller) are an important food resource in several countries. Portugal is the third largest European producer, with an average production of 25 thousand tons [1], being mainly produced in the North region of Trás-os-Montes. Earlier studies on chestnuts elemental composition were performed by atomic absorption to detect Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn or by UV-VIS spectrophotometry to detect P [2-3]. In this work the elemental composition of two cultivars (Longal and Judia) of Castanea sativa Miller were studied by means of PIXE (Proton Induced X-ray Emission), using a broad proton beam at CTN-IST, Lisbon. Element identification (from Si to Pb) and quantification (following the method described in [4]) was done. Preliminary results show different composition according with the cultivar, not only in the major and minor elements (as it is described in the bibliography) but also in the trace elements, which includes the presence of Pb and other heavy elements. These preliminary results are part of a wider project that aims to evaluate chestnut fruits decontamination treatment with high energy electron beam and X-rays technology.This work was developed within the Coordinated Research Project D61024 ‘‘Development of New Applications of Machine Generated Food Irradiation Technologies’’ financed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Ultrafast Low-Temperature Crystallization of Solar Cell Graded Formamidinium-Cesium Mixed-Cation Lead Mixed-Halide Perovskites Using a Reproducible Microwave-Based Process

National Funds through FCT, Foundation for Science and Technology, under the projects ALTALUZ (PTDC/CTM-ENE/5125/2014) and SUPER SOLAR (PTDC/NAN-OPT/28430/2017). M.J.M. also acknowledges funding by FCT through the Grant SFRH/BPD/115566/2016.The control of morphology and crystallinity of solution-processed perovskite thin-films for solar cells is the key for further enhancement of the devices' power conversion efficiency and stability. Improving crystallinity and increasing grain size of perovskite films is a proven way to boost the devices' performance and operational robustness, nevertheless this has only been achieved with high-temperature processes. Here, we present an unprecedented low-temperature (<80 °C) and ultrafast microwave (MW) annealing process to yield uniform, compact, and crystalline FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 Pb(I (1-x) Br x ) 3 perovskite films with full coverage and micrometer-scale grains. We demonstrate that the nominal composition FA 0.83 Cs 0.17 PbI 1.8 Br 1.2 perovskite films annealed at 100 W MW power present the same band gap, similar morphology, and crystallinity of conventionally annealed films, with the advantage of being produced at a lower temperature (below 80 °C vs 185 °C) and during a very short period of time (∼2.5 min versus 60 min). These results open new avenues to fabricate band gap tunable perovskite films at low temperatures, which is of utmost importance for mechanically flexible perovskite cells and monolithic perovskite based tandem cells applications.authorsversionpublishe

Deposition of impurity metals during campaigns with the JET ITER-like Wall

Post mortem analysis shows that mid and high atomic number metallic impurities are present in deposits on JET plasma facing components with the highest amount of Ni and W, and therefore the largest sink, being found at the top of the inner divertor. Sources are defined as “continuous” or “specific”, in that “continuous” sources arise from ongoing erosion from plasma facing surfaces and “specific” are linked with specific events which decrease over time until they no longer act as a source. This contribution evaluates the sinks and estimates sources, and the balance gives an indication of the dominating processes. Charge exchange neutral erosion is found to be the main source of nickel, whereas erosion of divertor plasma facing components is the main source of tungsten. Specific sources are shown to have little influence over the global mid- and high-Z impurity concentrations in deposits.Peer reviewe

Study of Iron Gall Inks, Ingredients and Paper Composition Using Non-Destructive Techniques

Old manuscripts are among the most important elements of the cultural and historical heritage of ancient knowledge. Unfortunately, many of them suffer from degradation, mostly those written with iron gall inks. In the present work, a study using non-destructive techniques was designed with the aim of analyzing the elemental composition and structural characteristics of iron gall inks, reproduced in laboratory, paper and their interaction when the ink is deposited on paper, inducing the paper degradation. Proton induced X-ray emission, X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy provided the elemental and structural information, and photography under infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) light allowed the differentiation between manufactured inks. Results show that the first step of inked paper deterioration is due to acid-hydrolysis of the cellulose and the presence of reactive Fe(II) species by reducing the crystallinity index of the paper, which is affected depending on the ink recipe and the starting raw materials. These results will be useful to future studies on ancient documents written with iron gall inks, which suffer deterioration due to ink corrosion, and to differentiate between the different paper degradation mechanisms

Crecimiento y caracterización de cristales de CdTe nominalmente puros y dopados que presentan alta resistividad

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Fecha de lectura 27-06-200