Le public du soutien scolaire privé:Cours particuliers et façonnement familial de la scolarité

À l’appui d’une exploitation de la partie « Éducation et famille » de l’« Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » (EPCV, Insee, octobre 2003), la demande de cours particuliers en France est étudiée en considérant ces cours en comparaison avec deux autres formes de shadow education – soutien gratuit et aide des proches – et dans leurs relations avec les autres actes et attitudes participant au façonnement familial des scolarités. L’article avance tout d’abord que les cours particuliers s’inscrivent, d’une part et à la différence du soutien gratuit, dans un halo de pratiques participant à la construction familiale d’un avantage sur la scène scolaire, construction associée à une forte dotation en capitaux scolaire et économique, et qu’ils participent, d’autre part et à l’instar du soutien gratuit, d’un mouvement d’externalisation de l’aide étroitement lié à la configuration du ménage. Le besoin de remédier à des difficultés scolaires perçues et les possibilités matérielles de recours apparaissent ensuite centraux dans la saisie des traits saillants de la population recourant aux cours particuliers.Users of paid private tutoring services : educational support courses and family shaping of schooling. On the basis of the « Education and family » (Éducation et famille) section of INSEE’s « Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » [Ongoing survey of household conditions] (EPCV, INSEE, October 2003), the demand for paid educational support courses in France is studied by comparing them to two other types of « shadow education » – free non-family educational support and support from family members – and examining relations between such courses and the other acts and attitudes implicated in family shaping of schooling. First, the suggestion is put forward that paid private tutoring, in contrast to free non-family educational support, is part of a constellation of practices that make up family attempts to construct an advantage on the schooling scene, an undertaking associated with strong educational and economic capital ; and that like free educational support, paid private tutoring implies an externalization of educational assistance that is closely related to household configuration. The need to treat a problem of perceived scholastic difficulties and the material resources a household has for doing so then appear central when it comes to apprehending the salient traits of the population of users of paid private tutoring services.Das Publikum der privaten Schulnachhilfe. Privatstunden und Familienprägung des Schulbesuchs. Zur Unterstützung einer Auswertung des Teils « Erziehung und Familie » (Éducation et famille) der « Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » [Daueruntersuchung zu den Lebensbedingungen der Haushalte] (EPCV, INSEE, Oktober 2003) wird die Nachfrage nach Privatstunden in Frankreich untersucht, wobei diese Nachhilfestunden verglichen werden mit anderen Formen der shadow education : unentgeltliche Nachhilfe und Unterstützung der Nahestehenden. Diese Nachfrage wird dann in ihrer Beziehung zu anderen Handlungen und Einstellungen, die zur Familienprägung des Schulbesuchs beitragen. Der Artikel behauptet zunächst, daß die Nachhilfestunden einerseits und im Unterschied zur kostenlosen Unterstützung, Bestandteil sind von vielfältigen Strategien, die zur familiären Konstruktion eines Vorteils auf der Schulszene beitragen – wobei diese Konstruktion eine bedeutende schulische und wirtschaftliche Kapitalausstattung verlangt – und, daß sie andererseits und wie bei der unentgeltlichen Unterstützung, Bestanteil sind einer Externalisierungsbewegung der Nachhilfe, die eng mit der Konfiguration des Haushalts zusammenhängt. Der Bedarf zur Beseitigung der wahrgenommenen Schulschwierigkeiten und die materiellen Handlungsmöglichkeiten stehen anschließend im Zentrum der Erfassung der Hauptmerkmale der Bevölkerung die die Nachhilfestunden in Anspruch nimmt

Technically advanced and SF6-free 145 kV blue GIS

SF6, the most commonly used arc extinguishing and insulating gas in gas-insulated switchgears (GIS), is a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential, requiring careful handling throughout its life cycle. In order to reduce the GIS-related global warming impact, innovative solutions using alternative gases have been developed by different manufacturers, especially the blue GIS from Siemens – available for 145 kV / 40 kA / 3150 A – with clean air insulation and vacuum switching technology shows many technical advantages

A Decade of Incorporating Social Sciences in the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research Project (IMBeR): Much Done, Much to Do?

Successful management and mitigation of marine challenges depends on cooperation and knowledge sharing which often occurs across culturally diverse geographic regions. Global ocean science collaboration is therefore essential for developing global solutions. Building effective global research networks that can enable collaboration also need to ensure inter- and transdisciplinary research approaches to tackle complex marine socio-ecological challenges. To understand the contribution of interdisciplinary global research networks to solving these complex challenges, we use the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) project as a case study. We investigated the diversity and characteristics of 1,827 scientists from 11 global regions who were attendees at different IMBeR global science engagement opportunities since 2009. We also determined the role of social science engagement in natural science based regional programmes (using key informants) and identified the potential for enhanced collaboration in the future. Event attendees were predominantly from western Europe, North America, and East Asia. But overall, in the global network, there was growing participation by females, students and early career researchers, and social scientists, thus assisting in moving toward interdisciplinarity in IMBeR research. The mainly natural science oriented regional programmes showed mixed success in engaging and collaborating with social scientists. This was mostly attributed to the largely natural science (i.e., biological, physical) goals and agendas of the programmes, and the lack of institutional support and push to initiate connections with social science. Recognising that social science research may not be relevant to all the aims and activities of all regional programmes, all researchers however, recognised the (potential) benefits of interdisciplinarity, which included broadening scientists’ understanding and perspectives, developing connections and interlinkages, and making science more useful. Pathways to achieve progress in regional programmes fell into four groups: specific funding, events to come together, within-programme-reflections, and social science champions. Future research programmes should have a strategic plan to be truly interdisciplinary, engaging natural and social sciences, as well as aiding early career professionals to actively engage in such programmes.This publication resulted in part from support from the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1840868) to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

Ecological commonalities among pelagic fishes: comparison of freshwater ciscoes and marine herring and sprat

Systematic comparisons of the ecology between functionally similar fish species from freshwater and marine aquatic systems are surprisingly rare. Here, we discuss commonalities and differences in evolutionary history, population genetics, reproduction and life history, ecological interactions, behavioural ecology and physiological ecology of temperate and Arctic freshwater coregonids (vendace and ciscoes, Coregonus spp.) and marine clupeids (herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus). We further elucidate potential effects of climate warming on these groups of fish based on the ecological features of coregonids and clupeids documented in the previous parts of the review. These freshwater and marine fishes share a surprisingly high number of similarities. Both groups are relatively short-lived, pelagic planktivorous fishes. The genetic differentiation of local populations is weak and seems to be in part correlated to an astonishing variability of spawning times. The discrete thermal window of each species influences habitat use, diel vertical migrations and supposedly also life history variations. Complex life cycles and preference for cool or cold water make all species vulnerable to the effects of global warming. It is suggested that future research on the functional interdependence between spawning time, life history characteristics, thermal windows and genetic differentiation may profit from a systematic comparison of the patterns found in either coregonids or clupeids

Effects of fluoxetine on functional outcomes after acute stroke (FOCUS): a pragmatic, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial

Background Results of small trials indicate that fluoxetine might improve functional outcomes after stroke. The FOCUS trial aimed to provide a precise estimate of these effects. Methods FOCUS was a pragmatic, multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial done at 103 hospitals in the UK. Patients were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had a clinical stroke diagnosis, were enrolled and randomly assigned between 2 days and 15 days after onset, and had focal neurological deficits. Patients were randomly allocated fluoxetine 20 mg or matching placebo orally once daily for 6 months via a web-based system by use of a minimisation algorithm. The primary outcome was functional status, measured with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), at 6 months. Patients, carers, health-care staff, and the trial team were masked to treatment allocation. Functional status was assessed at 6 months and 12 months after randomisation. Patients were analysed according to their treatment allocation. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN83290762. Findings Between Sept 10, 2012, and March 31, 2017, 3127 patients were recruited. 1564 patients were allocated fluoxetine and 1563 allocated placebo. mRS data at 6 months were available for 1553 (99·3%) patients in each treatment group. The distribution across mRS categories at 6 months was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (common odds ratio adjusted for minimisation variables 0·951 [95% CI 0·839–1·079]; p=0·439). Patients allocated fluoxetine were less likely than those allocated placebo to develop new depression by 6 months (210 [13·43%] patients vs 269 [17·21%]; difference 3·78% [95% CI 1·26–6·30]; p=0·0033), but they had more bone fractures (45 [2·88%] vs 23 [1·47%]; difference 1·41% [95% CI 0·38–2·43]; p=0·0070). There were no significant differences in any other event at 6 or 12 months. Interpretation Fluoxetine 20 mg given daily for 6 months after acute stroke does not seem to improve functional outcomes. Although the treatment reduced the occurrence of depression, it increased the frequency of bone fractures. These results do not support the routine use of fluoxetine either for the prevention of post-stroke depression or to promote recovery of function. Funding UK Stroke Association and NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme

Of dough and decoration : consideration and professional forms in the world of pâtissiers

La thèse décrit l’ensemble hétérogène et flou de produits et de situations de travail qu'embrasse le monde des pâtissiers en France de la fin des années 1970 au début des années 2010 à la lumière d'une question de sociologie : dans quelle mesure les marques de considération portées aux travailleurs et à leur travail participent-elles à stabiliser des formes professionnelles, qu'il s'agisse d’un groupe professionnel, de segments élitaires, de communautés de praticiens ou encore de trajectoires individuelles ? Les matériaux mobilisés dans les trois parties de la thèse sont issus d’un travail sur archives et d’une enquête ethnographique. Une base prosopographique de première main est exploitée à partir de méthodes d’analyse de séquences. Dans la première partie, les revendications de statut portées au nom du groupe des pâtissiers par plusieurs collectifs et les conventions esthétiques convoquées et explicitées dans ce cadre sont étudiées. Dans la deuxième partie, les rhétoriques d’excellence mises en œuvre sur trois arènes de définition du travail pâtissier (le système des concours pâtissiers, une association élitaire et les sélections critiques) sont comparées au regard des sanctions qu’elles sécrètent et des segments élitaires qu'elles concourent à stabiliser. La troisième partie est consacrée à la stabilisation de trajectoires individuelles sur les marchés du travail et sur les marchés boutiquiers, à l’appui notamment de ces marques de considération. Ce faisant, les modèles d’avantage cumulatif sont mis à l’épreuve. En filigrane, la conduite d’entreprise et les compétences décoratives apparaissent comme deux principes récurrents de considération du travail pâtissier.The thesis describes the heterogenous world of pâtissiers – in terms of products and work situations – in France from the late 1970’s to the early 2010’s in the light of a sociological question : to what extent do marks of consideration sent to workers and to their work contribute to stabilize professional forms, be it professional groups, professional segments (elitarian or not) or individual trajectories ? The three parts of the thesis are based on empirical research, interweaving archive and ethnographic materials. An original prosopographical database is exploited through sequence analysis. The first part of the thesis presents an analysis of competing jurisdictional claims describing a group of pâtissiers and explicitly aesthetic choices that these claims reveal. In a second part, three arenas of definition of pâtissier work (pâtissier competitions, an elitarian association and critics) are compared with regard to rhetorics of excellence they convey and the elitarian segments they contribute to stabilize. The third part looks at individual trajectories that are partly built on these marks of consideration. In so doing, the cumulative advantage models are discussed. The thesis shows that entrepreneurship and decoration skills are recurrent principles of consideration of pâtissier work

Le public du soutien scolaire privé: Cours particuliers et façonnement familial de la scolarité

Das Publikum der privaten Schulnachhilfe. Privatstunden und Familienprägung des Schulbesuchs.Zur Unterstützung einer Auswertung des Teils « Erziehung und Familie » (Éducation et famille) der « Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » [Daueruntersuchung zu den Lebensbedingungen der Haushalte] (EPCV, INSEE, Oktober 2003) wird die Nachfrage nach Privatstunden in Frankreich untersucht, wobei diese Nachhilfestunden verglichen werden mit anderen Formen der shadow education : unentgeltliche Nachhilfe und Unterstützung der Nahestehenden. Diese Nachfrage wird dann in ihrer Beziehung zu anderen Handlungen und Einstellungen, die zur Familienprägung des Schulbesuchs beitragen. Der Artikel behauptet zunächst, daß die Nachhilfestunden einerseits und im Unterschied zur kostenlosen Unterstützung, Bestandteil sind von vielfältigen Strategien, die zur familiären Konstruktion eines Vorteils auf der Schulszene beitragen – wobei diese Konstruktion eine bedeutende schulische und wirtschaftliche Kapitalausstattung verlangt – und, daß sie andererseits und wie bei der unentgeltlichen Unterstützung, Bestanteil sind einer Externalisierungsbewegung der Nachhilfe, die eng mit der Konfiguration des Haushalts zusammenhängt. Der Bedarf zur Beseitigung der wahrgenommenen Schulschwierigkeiten und die materiellen Handlungsmöglichkeiten stehen anschließend im Zentrum der Erfassung der Hauptmerkmale der Bevölkerung die die Nachhilfestunden in Anspruch nimmt.Users of paid private tutoring services : educational support courses and family shaping of schooling.On the basis of the « Education and family » (Éducation et famille) section of INSEE’s « Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » [Ongoing survey of household conditions] (EPCV, INSEE, October 2003), the demand for paid educational support courses in France is studied by comparing them to two other types of « shadow education » – free non-family educational support and support from family members – and examining relations between such courses and the other acts and attitudes implicated in family shaping of schooling. First, the suggestion is put forward that paid private tutoring, in contrast to free non-family educational support, is part of a constellation of practices that make up family attempts to construct an advantage on the schooling scene, an undertaking associated with strong educational and economic capital ; and that like free educational support, paid private tutoring implies an externalization of educational assistance that is closely related to household configuration. The need to treat a problem of perceived scholastic difficulties and the material resources a household has for doing so then appear central when it comes to apprehending the salient traits of the population of users of paid private tutoring services.À l’appui d’une exploitation de la partie « Éducation et famille » de l’« Enquête permanente sur les conditions de vie des ménages » (EPCV, Insee, octobre 2003), la demande de cours particuliers en France est étudiée en considérant ces cours en comparaison avec deux autres formes de shadow education – soutien gratuit et aide des proches – et dans leurs relations avec les autres actes et attitudes participant au façonnement familial des scolarités. L’article avance tout d’abord que les cours particuliers s’inscrivent, d’une part et à la différence du soutien gratuit, dans un halo de pratiques participant à la construction familiale d’un avantage sur la scène scolaire, construction associée à une forte dotation en capitaux scolaire et économique, et qu’ils participent, d’autre part et à l’instar du soutien gratuit, d’un mouvement d’externalisation de l’aide étroitement lié à la configuration du ménage. Le besoin de remédier à des difficultés scolaires perçues et les possibilités matérielles de recours apparaissent ensuite centraux dans la saisie des traits saillants de la population recourant aux cours particuliers

L’artisanat français. Entre métier et entreprise, C. Mazaud

Issu d’une thèse de sociologie, le travail de Caroline Mazaud s’inscrit dans la filiation du livre homonyme de Bernard Zarca (1986). L’auteure décrit les mutations qu’a connues l’artisanat depuis lors en prenant pour objet les indépendants à la tête d’entreprises inscrites au Répertoire informatique des métiers (RIM). Salariés et apprentis sont donc écartés de son enquête. Celle-ci est conduite dans cinq communes de Loire-Atlantique, principalement à partir d’entretiens et de données démograp..