Avaliação do comportamento no labirinto em cruz elevado e uso de diazepam na vida adulta de ratos estressados no período neonatal

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Avaliação da Toxicidade Aguda de Piraclostrobin, Epoxiconazol e sua Mistura em Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui)

O presente trabalho avaliou o efeito toxicológico de formulações fungicidas à base de piraclostrobin e epoxiconazol, isoladamente e em formulação conjugada sobre Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) por 96 horas através da determinação da Concentração Letal Média (CL50-96h) de cada uma das formulações. Foram encontrados valores de CL50-96h equivalentes a 0,018 mg L-1 para o piraclostrobin, 2,28 mg L-1 para o epoxiconazol e 0,021 mg L-1 para sua formulação conjugada. Das três formulações utilizadas, o piraclostrobin isoladamente mostrou-se o mais tóxico para os organismos estudados e o uso conjugado das duas substâncias nas concentrações estudadas apresentou um fraco efeito sinérgico

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Avaliação ecotoxicológica do dióxido de titânio nanoparticulado, sob diferentes condições de iluminação

Orientadores: Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto, Vera Lucia Scherholz Salgado de CastroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: A ecotoxicologia de nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (nano- TiO2) tem sido amplamente estudada nos últimos anos, mas os resultados obtidos ainda são inconclusivos. Assim, permanecem dúvidas sobre a aplicabilidade dos atuais protocolos ecotoxicológicos para avaliação dos possíveis impactos do uso da nanotecnologia. Poucas investigações toxicológicas tem considerado as propriedades fotocatalíticas da substância, que podem aumentar a sua toxicidade para a biota aquática. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos em organismos aquáticos expostos a diferentes nano- TiO2, sob diferentes condições de iluminação. A interação de variáveis como concentração, fase cristal (anatase puro - TA , ou uma mistura de anatase e rutilo - TM) e da condição de iluminação ( luz visível ou luz ultravioleta e visível) foram investigadas através da observação de parâmetros de letalidade e de efeitos subletais em peixes juvenis (pacu caranha, Piaractus mesopotamicus), embriões de peixe (zebrafish, Danio rerio) e microcrustáceos (Daphnia similis e Artemia salina). A exposição aguda e prolongada de peixes juvenis não causou mortalidade nem acúmulo de Ti em músculo dos peixes, mas houve efeitos bioquímicos e genéticos, que dependeram da fase cristal e da condição de iluminação empregada. A atividade de fosfatase ácida (FA), bem como os níveis de proteínas carboniladas (PCO) e de metalotioneína foram biomarcadores úteis de exposição aguda ao nano -TiO2. Por outro lado, os resultados mostraram que para a exposição prolongada, a atividade específica da catalase (CAT), glutationa S-transferase (GST), os níveis de PCO e o ensaio cometa foram os biomarcadores mais úteis. O nano-TiO2 também foi considerado praticamente não tóxico sob luz visível para D. similis e A. salina. A exposição ao nano -TiO2, sob luz visível e ultravioleta aumentou a toxicidade dos nano-TiO2 para microcrustáceos. No caso de D. similis, TM foi mais tóxico do que o TA , mostrando valores de CE5048h = 60,16 e 750,55 mg/L, respectivamente. A A. salina foi mais sensível do que D. similis, com CE5048h = 4 mg/L para ambos os produtos. Em concentrações subletais, o nano- TiO2 não apresentou qualquer impacto negativo sobre o crescimento de Daphnia e Artemia. As atividades específicas de CAT, superóxido dismutase e FA foram biomarcadores úteis de exposição ao nano- TiO2 em Daphnia. Para embriões, a exposição ao nano-TiO2 causou eclosão precoce. Sob luz ultravioleta, o nano- TiO2 causou redução no comprimento das larvas. Além disso, um aumento no número de larvas com alteração de equilíbrio e na mortalidade foi observado nos grupos expostos a TM sob luz ultravioleta. As atividades específicas de CAT e GST apresentaram boa resposta em embriões expostos ao nano-TiO2. A determinação da toxicidade do nano- TiO2 depende do organismo, meio de cultura e o tempo de exposição utilizado nos bioensaios. Depende também da fase cristal e das condições de iluminação. Verificou-se que a exposição à radiação ultravioleta a níveis ambientais mínimos aumenta a toxicidade do nano-TiO2. Os resultados indicam a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo em conseqüência da exposição ao nano-TiO2, mas em geral, não houve uma clara relação concentração- resposta ao considerar parâmetros subletais. Isto pode estar relacionado com a instabilidade dos sistemas de exposição, devido a agregação e precipitação das nanopartículas. Entretanto, nossos resultados indicam que a influência de fatores abióticos sobre a ecotoxicidade do nano- TiO2 deve ser explorada em detalhes, a fim de estabelecer modelos experimentais adequados para estudar a sua toxicidade em espécies de relevância ambiental e contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável da nanotecnologiaAbstract: The ecotoxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) has been extensively studied in recent years but the results are so far confusing. Hence, doubts remain about the applicability of current ecotoxicological protocols to evaluate the possible impacts of nanotechnology. Few toxicological investigations have considered the photocatalytic properties of the substance, which can increase its toxicity to aquatic biota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects on aquatic organisms exposed to different nano-TiO2, under different illumination conditions. The interaction of variables as concentration, crystal phase (pure anatase ¿ TA, or a mixture of anatase and rutile ¿ TM) and illumination condition (visible light or ultraviolet and visible light) were investigated by observing lethal an sublethal parameters in juveniles fishes (pacu caranha, Piaractus mesopotamicus), fish embryos (zebrafish, Danio rerio) and microcrustaceans (Daphnia similis and Artemia salina). The acute and prolonged exposure of juvenile fishes caused no mortality neither Ti accumulation in fish muscle, but showed biochemical and genetic effects, which depends on the crystal phase and the illumination condition employed. The acid phosphatase activity (AP) as well as the metallothionein and protein carbonylation (PCO) levels and the micronucleus test were useful biomarkers of acute exposure of fish to nano-TiO2. On the other side, the findings showed that for prolonged exposure, the specific activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), PCO levels and comet assay were more useful as biomarkers. Nano-TiO2 was also considered pratically non-toxic under visible light to D. similis and A. salina. Exposure to nano-TiO2 under visible and ultraviolet light enhanced the toxicity of nano-TiO2 to microcrustaceans. In the case of D. similis, TM was more toxic than TA, showing values of EC5048h = 60.16 and 750.55 mg/L, respectively. A. salina was more sensitive than D. similis, with EC5048h = 4 mg/L for both products. At sublethal concentrations, the nano-TiO2 did not show any negative impacts on the growth of Daphnia and Artemia. The specific activities of CAT, AP and superoxide dismutase were usefull biomarkers of nano-TiO2 exposure in Daphnia. To embryos the nano-TiO2 exposure caused early hatching. Under ultraviolet light, nano-TiO2 caused reduction in larvae length. Also, an increase in larvae with alteration in equilibrium and larvae mortality was observed in groups exposed to TM under ultraviolet light. The specific activities of CAT and GST showed good answer in embryos exposed to nano-TiO2. Determination of the nano-TiO2 toxicity using bioassays depends on the organism, culture medium, and exposure time employed. It also depends on the crystal phase and the illumination condition. Exposure to ultraviolet light at minimal environmental levels increases the nano-TiO2 toxicity. The results indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in consequence of nano-TiO2 exposure, but in general there was not a clear concentration-response relationship when considering sublethal parameters. This can be related to the instability of exposure systems, due to nanoparticles aggregation and precipitation. However, our results indicates that the influence of abiotic factors on nano-TiO2 ecotoxicity must be explored in detail, in order to establish experimental models to study their toxicity to environmentally relevant species and contribute to nanotechnology development in a sustainable way. The ecotoxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) has been extensively studied in recent years but the results are so far confusing. Hence, doubts remain about the applicability of current ecotoxicological protocols to evaluate the possible impacts of nanotechnology. Few toxicological investigations have considered the photocatalytic properties of the substance, which can increase its toxicity to aquatic biota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects on aquatic organisms exposed to different nano-TiO2, under different illumination conditions. The interaction of variables as concentration, crystal phase (pure anatase ¿ TA, or a mixture of anatase and rutile ¿ TM) and illumination condition (visible light or ultraviolet and visible light) were investigated by observing lethal an sublethal parameters in juveniles fishes (pacu caranha, Piaractus mesopotamicus), fish embryos (zebrafish, Danio rerio) and microcrustaceans (Daphnia similis and Artemia salina). The acute and prolonged exposure of juvenile fishes caused no mortality neither Ti accumulation in fish muscle, but showed biochemical and genetic effects, which depends on the crystal phase and the illumination condition employed. The acid phosphatase activity (AP) as well as the metallothionein and protein carbonylation (PCO) levels and the micronucleus test were useful biomarkers of acute exposure of fish to nano-TiO2. On the other side, the findings showed that for prolonged exposure, the specific activity of catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), PCO levels and comet assay were more useful as biomarkers. Nano-TiO2 was also considered pratically non-toxic under visible light to D. similis and A. salina. Exposure to nano-TiO2 under visible and ultraviolet light enhanced the toxicity of nano-TiO2 to microcrustaceans. In the case of D. similis, TM was more toxic than TA, showing values of EC5048h = 60.16 and 750.55 mg/L, respectively. A. salina was more sensitive than D. similis, with EC5048h = 4 mg/L for both products. At sublethal concentrations, the nano-TiO2 did not show any negative impacts on the growth of Daphnia and Artemia. The specific activities of CAT, AP and superoxide dismutase were usefull biomarkers of nano-TiO2 exposure in Daphnia. To embryos the nano-TiO2 exposure caused early hatching. Under ultraviolet light, nano-TiO2 caused reduction in larvae length. Also, an increase in larvae with alteration in equilibrium and larvae mortality was observed in groups exposed to TM under ultraviolet light. The specific activities of CAT and GST showed good answer in embryos exposed to nano-TiO2. Determination of the nano-TiO2 toxicity using bioassays depends on the organism, culture medium, and exposure time employed. It also depends on the crystal phase and the illumination condition. Exposure to ultraviolet light at minimal environmental levels increases the nano-TiO2 toxicity. The results indicate the occurrence of oxidative stress in consequence of nano-TiO2 exposure, but in general there was not a clear concentration-response relationship when considering sublethal parameters. This can be related to the instability of exposure systems, due to nanoparticles aggregation and precipitation. However, our results indicates that the influence of abiotic factors on nano-TiO2 ecotoxicity must be explored in detail, in order to establish experimental models to study their toxicity to environmentally relevant species and contribute to nanotechnology development in a sustainable wayDoutoradoBioquimicaDoutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecula

Nutritional properties of a colada drink supplemented with sweet whey

Whey is an important industrial by product of the dairy industry, resulting from cheese making, with a high nutritional value that has changed its consideration as an environmental problem to a source of bioactive compounds In developing countries, like Ecuador, whey is discard without any treatment because of the high cost of processing it, creating an important problem for the environment and wasting a valuable product for a population with a high malnutrition issue It is of great interest to find a direct use of whey in cheese factories as a food ingredient Using whey as a substitute of water in a popular drink in Ecuador named Colada, made from fruit juice and cereals, will increase the nutritional value of the beverage and would require little processing for the industry. Using a Colada beverage made with whey 70 Maracuya juice 30 barley 10 sucrose 1 and aromatic spices 1 we have carried out in vitro digestions following the INFOGEST protocol Analysis of the degree of hydrolysis, protein, fatty acid and amino acid profile after digestion revealed that this beverage is full of nutritional components that could have many health promoting properties

Efeito da separação materna durante o período neonatal sobre o consumo de salgado na fase adulta de ratos

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The effect of neonatal handling on adult feeding behavior is not an anxiety-like bahavior

Brief periods of handling during the neonatal period have been shown to have profound and long-lasting physiological consequences. Previous studies performed in our laboratory have demonstrated that handling the pups during the neonatal period leads to increased sweet food ingestion in adult life. The objective of this study is to verify if this effect could be explained by the enhanced anxiety levels in these animals. Litters were divided in: (1) intact; (2) handled (10 min in an incubater/day) and (3) handled + tactile stimulation (10 min/day). Procedures were performed on days 1–10 after birth. When adults, rats were tested in the elevated plus maze apparatus, light dark exploration test and open field test. They were also tested for sweet food ingestion, being injected with 2 mg/kg diazepam or vehicle 60 min before the test. Handling and handling + tactile stimulation do not alter performance in the plus maze test, but handled rats presented more crossings in the light/dark exploration test and open field (two-way ANOVA). Females also spent more % time in the open arms in the plus maze and more time in the lit compartment in the light/dark test, presenting more crossings in both tests. Both treated rats (handled and handled + tactile stimulation groups) consumed more sweet food than intact ones (two-way ANOVA). When diazepam was injected prior to the measurement of sweet food ingestion, there was no effect of the drug. We suggest that handling during the neonatal period leads to plastic alterations in the central nervous system of these animals, causing an increased ingestion of palatable food in adult life, and this alteration does not express an anxiety-like behavior

Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse: silver nanoparticle modification and ecotoxicity assessment

Activated carbon from pyrolysed sugarcane bagasse (ACPB) presented pore size ranges from 1.0 to 3.5 nm, and surface area between 1200 and 1400 m2 g− 1 that is higher than commonly observed to commercial activated carbon. The ACPB material was successfully loaded with of silver nanoparticles with diameter around 35 nm (0.81 wt.%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that the material surface contains metallic/Ag0 (93.60 wt.%) and ionic/Ag+ states (6.40 wt.%). The adsorption capacity of organic model molecules (i.e. methylene blue and phenol) was very efficient to ACPB and ACPB loaded with silver nanoparticles (ACPB-AgNP), indicating that the material modification with silver nanoparticles has not altered its adsorption capacity. ACPB-AgNP inhibited bacteria growth (Escherichia coli), it is a promising advantage for the use of these materials in wastewater treatment and water purification processes. However, ACPB-AgNP showed environmental risks, with toxic effect to the aquatic organism Hydra attenuata (i.e. LC50 value of 1.94 mg L− 1), and it suppressed root development of Lycopersicum esculentum plant (tomato). Finally, this work draw attention for the environmental implications of activated carbon materials modified with silver nanoparticles565833840CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPSem informaçãoSem informaçã