Alternatives for chemical and biochemical lignin valorization: Hot topics from a bibliometric analysis of the research published during the 2000-2016 period

A complete bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database was performed to identify the research trends related to lignin valorization from 2000 to 2016. The results from this analysis revealed an exponentially increasing number of publications and a high relevance of interdisciplinary collaboration. The simultaneous valorization of the three main components of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) has been revealed as a key aspect and optimal pretreatment is required for the subsequent lignin valorization. Research covers the determination of the lignin structure, isolation, and characterization; depolymerization by thermal and thermochemical methods; chemical, biochemical and biological conversion of depolymerized lignin; and lignin applications. Most methods for lignin depolymerization are focused on the selective cleavage of the β-O-4 linkage. Although many depolymerization methods have been developed, depolymerization with sodium hydroxide is the dominant process at industrial scale. Oxidative conversion of lignin is the most used method for the chemical lignin upgrading. Lignin uses can be classified according to its structure into lignin-derived aromatic compounds, lignin-derived carbon materials and lignin-derived polymeric materials. There are many advances in all approaches, but lignin-derived polymeric materials appear as a promising option.This research has been financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through CTQ2014-56820-JIN Project, co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union. R. Abejón would also like to thank the financial support provided by “Becas Iberoamérica Santander Investigación 2016/2017 (Santander Universidades)”

Summer 2018 GCSE, AS and A level exams : a summary of our monitoring

Uruguay has a forest resource of 1 million ha plantation of fast-growing eucalyptus and pine. Short-fiber pulp is the country second export product in value, but there is also a significant production of plywood and graded kiln-dried timber from both species, used mainly for appearance applications. However, the value chain of the wood industry is not yet fully developed, particularly for pine. This study classified different existing and potential wood products using added value as criteria, calculated at the industry level by adopting a system of inputs and outputs. Hypothetical plants to manufacture these products were technical and economically analyzed: thermally modified timber, cross laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, pine timber, bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp, pine bleached chemical thermo-mechanical, medium density fiberboards, oriented strand board and a power plant fueled with forest biomass. The data used for this study was obtained from the final project of undergraduate engineer students of the Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la República, Uruguay, except for the eucalyptus pulp mill, which was proposed by the authors. The results showed that wood products obtained from logs that are the main objective of the plantation presented a higher added value than those manufactured from forest residues, thinnings or chips from the sawmilling industry. Solid wood products for appearance or structural applications are at the top of added value list, considering value added per product, unit of biomass or unit of forest land per year. The integration of the value chain of the products analyzed, linking solid wood products with panels or pulp, has the potential to boost the addition of value of the forest biomass in Uruguay

Eucalyptus Kraft Lignin as an Additive Strongly Enhances the Mechanical Resistance of Tree-Leaf Pellets

Pelleted biomass has a low, uniform moisture content and can be handled and stored cheaply and safely. Pellets can be made of industrial waste, food waste, agricultural residues, energy crops, and virgin lumber. Despite their many desirable attributes, they cannot compete with fossil fuel sources because the process of densifying the biomass and the price of the raw materials make pellet production costly. Leaves collected from street sweeping are generally discarded in landfills, but they can potentially be valorized as a biofuel if they are pelleted. However, the lignin content in leaves is not high enough to ensure the physical stability of the pellets, so they break easily during storage and transportation. In this study, the use of eucalyptus kraft lignin as an additive in tree-leaf pellet production was studied. Results showed that when 2% lignin is added the abrasion resistance can be increased to an acceptable value. Pellets with added lignin fulfilled all requirements of European standards for certification except for ash content. However, as the raw material has no cost, this method can add value or contribute to financing continued sweeping and is an example of a circular economy scenario

Propuesta para el método de trabajo del proceso productivo y distribución en planta que maximice las ventajas de la utilización del software siigo en la empresa Espumas Santa Fe de Bogotá

Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Depression in Elderly Patients with Hansen's Disease Institutionalized in Agua de Dios: Comparison of Pre-Pandemic Population, Findings and Novelties

Diseño de estudio: Prevalencia, de corte transversal. Objetivo: Evaluar la prevalencia del trastorno depresivo mayor usando la escala Yesavaje aplicada en pacientes masculinos colombianos institucionalizados con enfermedad de Hansen en el municipio de Agua de Dios, en los albergues Boyacá y Ospina Pérez, en el año 2019, con los resultados de la encuesta SABE 2015. Métodos: Se aplicó la escala de depresión geriátrica Yesavage a la población adulta mayor con enfermedad de Hansen institucionalizada en los albergues Boyacá y Ospina Pérez del municipio de Agua de Dios, entre el 01 de Junio al 15 de Julio del 2019. Se incluyeron los pacientes institucionalizados, que permitieran aplicación de la prueba, y que no tuvieran comorbilidad asociada que impidiese la realización de la misma. Se compararon los resultados obtenidos con los hallazgos arrojados por la encuesta SABE 2015. Resultados: Se encontró que del número total de pacientes alojados (152 pacientes), 81 eran elegibles para el estudio. De esta población, 12,35% presentó puntajes indicativos de trastorno depresivo, 11,11% presentó depresión leve y 1,23% depresión moderada, ningún paciente entrevistado obtuvo un puntaje sugestivo de depresión severa. Entre los pacientes con depresión se evidenciaron factores concomitantes como el consumo de alcohol (40% de los casos), conflictos interpersonales con otros pacientes acogidos (40% de los casos), alteraciones en el autocuidado y la higiene personal (10% de los casos) y disfunción familiar o abandono del paciente (60% de los casos). Discusión: Existe una correlación entre enfermedad mental y enfermedad de Hansen, siendo el trastorno depresivo es la patología mental más común. Los hallazgos de la muestra del estudio presentan algunas correlaciones con lo evidenciado en trabajos de diversos autores. El estar institucionalizado, consumir alcohol, carecer de hábitos de autocuidado y la disrupción socio-familiar, guardan correlación con presencia de síntomas depresivos en esta población. Conclusiones: Existe una correlación entre enfermedad de Hansen y depresión. Múltiples factores como la edad, consumo de alcohol, autocuidado e interacciones sociales parecen influir y pueden ser determinantes en la intensidad de esta patología en pacientes con enfermedad de Hansen. Se requieren más estudios que aborden la enfermedad mental en pacientes con lepra.Study design: Prevalence, cross-sectional. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of major depressive disorder using the Yesavaje scale applied in institutionalized Colombian male patients with Hansen's disease in the municipality of Agua de Dios, in the Boyacá and Ospina Pérez shelters, in 2019, with the results of the survey. SABE 2015. Methods: The Yesavage geriatric depression scale was applied to the elderly population with Hansen's disease institutionalized in the Boyacá and Ospina Pérez shelters in the municipality of Agua de Dios, between June 1 and July 15, 2019. They included institutionalized patients, who allowed the test to be applied, and who did not have associated comorbidity that prevented its performance. The results obtained were compared with the findings of the SABE 2015 survey. Results: It was found that of the total number of patients housed (152 patients), 81 were eligible for the study. Of this population, 12.35% presented scores indicative of a depressive disorder, 11.11% presented mild depression and 1.23% moderate depression; no patient interviewed obtained a score suggestive of severe depression. Among patients with depression, concomitant factors were evident such as alcohol consumption (40% of cases), interpersonal conflicts with other patients in care (40% of cases), alterations in self-care and personal hygiene (10% of cases). and family dysfunction or patient abandonment (60% of cases). Discussion: There is a correlation between mental illness and Hansen's disease, with depressive disorder being the most common mental pathology. The findings of the study sample present some correlations with what is evidenced in works by various authors. Being institutionalized, consuming alcohol, lacking self-care habits, and socio-family disruption correlate with the presence of depressive symptoms in this population. Conclusions: There is a correlation between Hansen's disease and depression. Multiple factors such as age, alcohol consumption, self-care and social interactions seem to influence and may be determining factors in the intensity of this pathology in patients with Hansen's disease. More studies addressing mental illness in leprosy patients are required

Adecuación del SG SST de Stewart & Stevenson de las Américas Colombia Ltda

328 p.The Security and Health Management Systems must be implemented by all public and private employers through the development of processes and policies for the protection of workers in order to improve the work environment, well-being and quality of employees, the decrease in the rates of absenteeism due to occupational disease, the reduction of the accident rate and mortality due to accidents at work and bring with it an increase in the productivity of the organization. At the international level, ISO 45001: 2018 is the one that currently determines the basic requirements to implement a Security and Health Management System in an organization in an integrated manner with the requirements established in ISO 9001 (Quality Management System) and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management System) and was developed in order to help organizations provide safe and healthy workplaces for their employees. Stewart & Stevenson de las Américas Colombia Ltda knows the importance of generating evidence on the Security and Health System and for this reason the objective of this project was to adapt the necessary tools to allow the company to seek a certification for its System of Occupational Health and Safety Management based on the ISO 45001: 2018 standard by applying a checklist.Título del Proyecto - pág. 8 Introducción - pág. 9 Problema de Investigación - pág. 10 Descripción del Problema - pág. 10 Formulación del Problema - pág. 11 Sistematización - pág. 11 Objetivos - pág. 12 Objetivo General - pág.12 Objetivos Específicos - pág. 12 Justificación - pág. 13 Delimitación - pág. 13 Limitaciones - pág. 14 Marcos de Referencia - pág.15 Estado del Arte - pág. 15 Marco Teórico - pág. 19 Sistemas de gestión - pág. 20 Caracterización del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo - pág. 22 ISO 45001:2018 - pág. 23 Accidente de trabajo - pág. 26 Incidentes de trabajo - pág. 26 Enfermedad laboral - pág. 26 Riesgo químico - pág. 27 Riesgo físico - pág. 27 Riesgo biológico - pág. 28 Guía técnica colombiana GTC 45 - pág. 28 Marco Legal - pág. 28 Marco Metodológico - pág. 31 Paradigma - pág. 31 Tipo y Diseño de Investigación - pág. 31 Población - pág. 32 Muestra - pág. 33 Instrumentos - pág. 33 Técnica de Análisis de Datos - pág. 33 Fases de la Investigación - pág. 35 Cronograma - pág. 36 Presupuesto - pág. 37 Resultados - pág. 40 Análisis de los Resultados - pág. 57 Conclusiones - pág. 61 Recomendaciones - pág. 62 Bibliografía - pág. 63 Anexos - pág. 68Los Sistemas de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo deben ser implementados por todos los empleadores públicos y privados mediante el desarrollo de procesos y políticas de protección a los trabajadores con el fin de mejora del ambiente de trabajo, el bienestar y la calidad de los colaboradores, la disminución de las tasas de ausentismo por enfermedad laboral, la reducción de las tasas de accidentalidad y mortalidad por accidentes de trabajo y traer consigo el aumento de la productividad de la organización. A nivel internacional la norma ISO 45001:2018 es aquella que determina actualmente los requisitos básicos para implementar un Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo en una organización de manera integrada junto con los requisitos establecidos en la norma ISO 9001 (Sistema de Gestión de Calidad) e ISO 14001 (Sistema de Gestión Ambiental) y se desarrolló con el fin de ayudar a las organizaciones a proporcionar lugares de trabajo seguro y saludable a sus colaboradores. Stewart & Stevenson de las Américas Colombia Ltda conoce la importancia de generar evidencias sobre el Sistema de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo y por tal razón se pretendió con este proyecto adecuar las herramientas necesarias para permitir a la empresa buscar una certificación para su Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo basado en la norma ISO 45001:2018 mediante la aplicación de una lista de verificación

Acute ST segment elevation during exercise stress echocardiography due to severe pulmonary hypertension

A 51-year-old female undergoing an outpatient stress echocardiogram to evaluate atypical chest pain developed acute ST elevation in the anterior precordial leads on electrocardiogram following exercise. Echocardiography revealed a severe rise in pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) with marked right ventricular (RV) enlargement and interventricular septum flattening. Subsequently, cardiac catherization confirmed an exercise-induced elevation in PASP and diagnosed pulmonary arterial hypertension without evidence of coronary artery disease. This case suggests that an acute elevation in pulmonary artery pressure with RV dilation may be a potential cause of acute ST elevation during stress testing