Evaluación del gasto energético en reposo por calorimetría indirecta en escolares de 8 – 10 años en altura intermedia: Bogotá 2012-2013

Se evaluó y analizó el gasto energético en reposo (GER) de escolares residentes a una altura intermedia, en Bogotá, con edades comprendidas entre los 8 y 10 años, quiénes pertenecen a Instituciones Educativas Distritales (IED) y se encontraban en adecuado estado nutricional. Este estudio prospectivo en el cual se evaluaron 84 escolares (43 niñas y 41 niños), se desarrolló mediante el equipo Vmax 29c de calorimetría indirecta y a partir de los datos obtenidos se calculó el gasto energético total (GET). El GER promedio en las niñas fue de 1343 Kcal y en los niños fue de 1382 kcal, y el GET fue de 1539 Kcal y 1575 kcal, respectivamente. El mejor modelo de regresión para determinar el GER de escolares entre 8 y 10 años de estas IED, incluyó las variables de género, frecuencia cardiaca (FC) y circunferencia muscular del brazo (CMB), dada su alta correlación con el GER. Al comparar los resultados del GER obtenidos en este estudio, se concluyó que las recomendaciones de la FAO/OMS/ONU subestiman el GER y que las de la población colombiana lo sobreestiman. Este estudio es de gran utilidad para la población de escolares sanos de ambos géneros a una altitud moderada o intermedia, puesto que permite estimar el gasto energético a partir de otras variables como frecuencia cardiaca y circunferencia muscular del brazo, comparables con los resultados obtenidos por calorimetría indirecta.Abstract. We evaluated and analyzed the resting energy expenditure (REE) school residents at medium altitude in Bogota, aged between 8 and 10 years, who belong to District Educational Institutions (DFI) and were in adequate nutritional status. This prospective study in which 84 students (43 girls and 41 boys) were evaluated using the computer developed Vmax 29c and indirect calorimetry data obtained from the total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated. The average REE for girls was 1343 Kcal and children was 1382 kcal , and the GET was 1539 kcal and 1575 kcal, respectively. The best regression model to determine the REE school between 8 and 10 years of these FDI variables included gender , heart rate (HR) and arm muscle circumference (AMC) , given its high correlation with REE . When comparing the results of REE obtained in this study, it was concluded that the recommendations of the FAO / WHO / UNU underestimate the REE and the Colombian population overestimate it. This study is useful for the population of school healthy for both genders at moderate or intermediate altitude, since it allows estimating energy expenditure from other variables such as heart rate and muscle arm circumference, comparable with the results obtained by indirect calorimetryMaestrí

Perceived urban environment attributes and obesity indices in adults: an 8-nation study from Latin America

© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.This study examines the associations between perceived urban environment attributes and obesity indices by country using data from an eight-nation study from Latin America. The data were collected from 8185 adults. The Neighbourhood Environment Walkability-abbreviated scale was used to assess perceived urban environment attributes. Obesity indices considered were body mass index, waist circumference, neck circumference, a body shape index and waist-to-height ratio. The perception of a more and better land use mix-diversity (β - 0.44; 95% CI - 0.59, - 0.28), traffic safety (- 0.39; - 0.66, - 0.12), and safety from crime (- 0.36; - 0.57, - 0.15) was associated with lower body mass index across the entire sample. Land use mix-diversity (- 1.21; - 1.60, - 0.82), street connectivity (- 0.26; - 0.37, - 0.15), and traffic safety (- 0.79; - 1.47, - 0.12) were negatively associated with waist circumference. Land use mix-diversity (- 0.11; - 0.20, - 0.03), land use mix-access (- 0.23; - 0.34, 0.12), walking/cycling facilities (- 0.22; - 0.37, - 0.08), and safety from crime (- 0.27; - 0.42, - 0.12) were negatively associated with neck circumference. No associations between perceived urban environment attributes and a body shape index were found. Land use mix-diversity (- 0.01; - 0.02, - 0.01), aesthetics (- 0.02; - 0.03, - 0.01), and safety from crime (- 0.02; - 0.04, - 0.01) were associated with waist-to-height ratio. Environmental interventions involving urban environment attributes are associated with obesity indices and, therefore, may help decrease the prevalence of overweight and obesity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of meeting the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines among latin american adults: a multi-national cross-sectional study

Background: 24-hour movement behaviors, including moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary time (ST), and sleep duration, have important implications for health across the lifespan. However, no studies exist that have examined the integration of these 24-hour movement behaviors in Latin America. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guideline recommendations and sociodemographic correlates of meeting the guidelines in adults from eight Latin American countries. Methods: This was a multi-national cross-sectional study of 2338 adults aged 18 to 64 years from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health. MVPA and ST data were collected using accelerometers. Sleep duration was self-reported using a daily log. Socio-demographic correlates included sex, age, education level, and marital status. Meeting the 24-hour movement guidelines was defined as: ≥150 min/week of MVPA; ≤8 h/day of ST; and between 7 and 9 h/day of sleep. Logistic regression models were estimated on pooled data. Results: The prevalence of adults who met the MVPA, ST, sleep duration, and integrated recommendations was 48.3, 22.0, 19.4, and 1.6%, respectively. Overall, being a woman (OR: 0.72; 95%CI: 0.55,0.93) and having a middle (0.63; 0.47,0.85) or high education level (0.31; 0.17,0.56) was associated with lower odds of meeting all three of the 24-hour movement guideline recommendations. Being married (1.70; 1.25,2.29) was associated with greater odds of meeting all three recommendations. Being a woman (0.46; 0.39,0.55), aged 50-64 years (0.77; 0.60,0.97), and married (0.79; 0.65,0.96) were associated with lower odds of meeting the MVPA recommendation. Having a middle (0.64; 0.50,0.80) or high (0.36; 0.23,0.55) education level was associated with lower odds and being married (1.86; 1.46,2.36) was associated with greater odds of meeting the ST recommendation. Being a woman (0.63; 0.51,0.78) was associated with lower odds; whereas being aged 50-64 years (1.40; 1.04,1.88) and having a middle education level (1.37; 1.09,1.73) were associated with greater odds of meeting the sleep duration recommendation. Conclusions: Overall, the proportion of Latin American adults achieving healthy levels of 24-hour movement behaviors was low. Further efforts are needed to promote more MVPA, less ST, and sufficient sleep in Latin American adults. Trial registration: Clinical Trials NCT02226627. Retrospectively registered on August 27, 2014.Universidad de Costa RicaRevisión por pare

Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención, detección temprana, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las dislipidemias en la población mayor de 18 años

La Guía de práctica clínica para la prevención, detección temprana, diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las dislipidemias en la población mayor de 18 años está dirigida a los adultos en riesgo para el desarrollo de dislipidemia o con diagnóstico establecido de dislipidemia, como también, para todo el personal de salud encargado de su atención en los diferentes niveles de complejidad del sistema de salud colombiano. Permitirá brindar parámetros de práctica clínica, basados en la mejor evidencia disponible para la atención en salud y el uso racional de recursos en esta patología. Se introducen cambios en el proceso de atención, que buscan disminuir la variabilidad injustificada en el abordaje de este grupo de pacientes generando procesos eficientes, sencillos y ajustados a la población colombiana; la guía es el resultado de un arduo proceso en el que se contó con la participación de expertos temáticos y expertos metodológicos, así como representantes de los pacientes y de las sociedades científicas y las universidades involucradas, y del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. En la siguiente sección se presentarán de forma resumida las recomendaciones y los puntos de buena práctica clínica para cada una de las preguntas formuladas, información que se amplía posteriormente en el capítulo respectivo.Guía de práctica clínica1-6

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Morphological and Molecular Changes in the Cortex and Cerebellum of Immunocompetent Mice Infected with Zika Virus

Zika virus (ZIKV) disease continues to be a threat to public health, and it is estimated that millions of people have been infected and that there have been more cases of serious complications than those already reported. Despite many studies on the pathogenesis of ZIKV, several of the genes involved in the malformations associated with viral infection are still unknown. In this work, the morphological and molecular changes in the cortex and cerebellum of mice infected with ZIKV were evaluated. Neonatal BALB/c mice were inoculated with ZIKV intraperitoneally, and the respective controls were inoculated with a solution devoid of the virus. At day 10 postinoculation, the mice were euthanized to measure the expression of the markers involved in cortical and cerebellar neurodevelopment. The infected mice presented morphological changes accompanied by calcifications, as well as a decrease in most of the markers evaluated in the cortex and cerebellum. The modifications found could be predictive of astrocytosis, dendritic pathology, alterations in the regulation systems of neuronal excitation and inhibition, and premature maturation, conditions previously described in other models of ZIKV infection and microcephaly

Cultivo de Bivalvos marinos del caribe colombiano

El cultivo de bilvavos marinos es una buena alternativa de desarrollo para Colombia pues ofrece importantes beneficios al tiempo que se hace un aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos biológicos. Los autores de este artículo presentan el resultado del estudio y cultivo experimental de varias especies, particularmente las ostras perlíferas (familia Pteriidae) y los ostiones (familia Pectinidae), con el fin de ser utilizados en cultivos piloto y comerciales en la región Caribe colombiana

Dimensiones del hábitat popular latinoamericano

Estos textos nacen de la necesidad de guardar la memoria de un proceso de trabajo sobre dos temas de importancia para América Latina y el Caribe como son el hábitat popular y la inclusión social; tópicos con nombres tan propios en cada lugar de nuestra región –favelas, villas miseria, pueblos jóvenes, etc. Los libros analizan las condiciones y mecanismos de gestión y de acceso al suelo urbano y a la vivienda de calidad en nuestras ciudades poco democráticas y sin garantías; y por otro lado, indagan cómo nacen los hacedores, hombres y mujeres, en su vida cotidiana y en sus actividades de producción y reproducción social.Índice Presentación . . . . . . . . . 9 Prólogo . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Teolinda Bolívar y Jaime Erazo Espinosa CAPÍTULO I. ANÁLISIS Y EFECTOS DE POLÍTICAS IMPLEMENTADAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA: COLOMBIA Y BRASIL ¿Ciudad prioritaria, ciudad social? Análisis de la política nacional de vivienda para familias de bajos ingresos en Bogotá (1991-2009) . . . . . 19 Óscar A. Alfonso R. Programas de regularización y formación de las plusvalías en las urbanizaciones informales . . . . . . 45 Por Antônio Augusto Veríssimo Capítulo II. Inter/secciones de la ciudad y el hábitat popular Nota introductoria al capítulo II . . . . . . . . . . 69 Benjamin Nahoum Mega crecimiento urbano de la ciudad de Panamá y su impacto sobre el hábitat y la vivienda popular . . . . . . . 75 Carlos David Castro-Gómez Habitar nuevos barrios de interés social en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires: el espacio construido por el Estado y vivido por los vecinos . . . . . . . 101 María Cristina Cravino Las adversidades del hábitat en conjuntos habitacionales de población relocalizada . . . . . . . . . 121 Walter Fernando Brites Vivienda popular y seguridad pública: el proceso de “pacificación” en las favelas de Río de Janeiro . . . . . . . 143 Neiva Vieira da Cunha Capítulo III. Derecho a la ciudad, crisis y demandas ciudadanas Nota introductoria al capítulo IIII . . . . . . . . . 165 Pablo Vitale Derecho a la ciudad: personas sin hogar en la ciudad de Buenos Aires . . . . . 171 Griselda Palleres La participación ciudadana en la construcción de hábitat incluyente y sostenible: hacia la materialización del derecho a la ciudad . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Laura Cedrés Pérez La cuestión habitacional: crisis financieras, naturales, institucionales y de derechos . . . . . . . . . . 209 Ana Raquel Flores Capítulo IV. Problemas relacionados entre espacio público y hábitat Nota introductoria al capítulo IV . . . . . . . 237 Andrés Forero Perilla Disputas urbanas: el espacio y la diferenciación en el barrio . . . . . . . . 245 Laura Paniagua Arguedas El espacio público como derecho a la ciudad. Un recorrido por el patrimonio del centro histórico de Quito . . . . . . 267 Sonia Cueva Ortiz Pobreza urbana y desigualdad: la asistencia habitacional a personas en situación de calle en la ciudad de Buenos Aires . . . . . . . 295 Paula Cecilia Rosa Las representaciones femeninas del espacio urbano. Nuevas demandas para la construcción democrática e incluyente de la ciudad . . . . . . . . 311 María Antonieta Urquieta A. y Claudia Campillo T. Capítulo V. Mercados de suelo y vivienda: regularización y propiedad Nota introductoria . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Oscar Ospina L. Aproximaciones para la reestructuración física y social de la vivienda popular en barrios de Caracas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Carmenofelia Machado Colmenares La encrucijada de la vivienda de interés social en Bogotá . . . . . . . . . . 353 Alex Smith Araque Solano y Yadira Caballero Quintero ¿Ser o no ser propietario? Notas en torno a la regularización de asentamientos precarios . . . . . . . . 403 María Laura Canestraro La necesidad de consolidar el derecho a la ciudad repensando los paradigmas de la titulación . . . . 423 Miguel Cavero Velaochaga Propiedad del suelo urbanizado: del derecho individual a la finalidad social. Prescribir lo que se abandona . . . . . 441 María Araceli Schettini, Eduardo Gandelman y Benjamín Nahoum Lotización irregular en Quito: impunidad y conflictividad social . . . . 465 Paula Castello Starkoff y Sonia Cueva Ortiz ANEXOS Grupo de Trabajo Hábitat Popular e Inclusión Social. Parte 2 I Reunión y I Congreso Latinoamericano y Caribeño de Hábitat Popular e Inclusión Social, Quito, del 7 al 9 de abril de 2010 . . . . . . . . . . 485 Teolinda Bolívar y Jaime Erazo Espinosa Autores . . . . . . . . . 49

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Effect of Antiplatelet Therapy on Survival and Organ Support–Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19

International audienc