93 research outputs found

    Improving the efficiency of feed utilization in poultry by selection. 1. Genetic parameters of anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract and digestive efficiency

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Feed costs represent about 70% of the costs of raising broilers. The main way to decrease these costs is to improve feed efficiency by modification of diet formulation, but one other possibility would be to use genetic selection. Understanding the genetic architecture of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) and the impact of the selection criterion on the GIT would be of particular interest. We therefore studied the genetic parameters of AMEn (Apparent metabolisable energy corrected for zero nitrogen balance), feed efficiency, and GIT traits in chickens.</p> <p>Genetic parameters were estimated for 630 broiler chickens of the eighth generation of a divergent selection experiment on AMEn. Birds were reared until 23 d of age and fed a wheat-based diet. The traits measured were body weight (BW), feed conversion ratio (FCR), AMEn, weights of crop, liver, gizzard and proventriculus, and weight, length and density of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The heritability estimates of BW, FCR and AMEn were moderate. The heritability estimates were higher for the GIT characteristics except for the weights of the proventriculus and liver. Gizzard weight was negatively correlated with density (weight to length ratio) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Proventriculus and gizzard weights were more strongly correlated with AMEn than with FCR, which was not the case for intestine weight and density.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>GIT traits were largely dependent on genetics and that selecting on AMEn or FCR would modify them. Phenotypic observations carried out in the divergent lines selected on AMEn were consistent with estimated genetic correlations between AMEn and GIT traits.</p

    Improving the efficiency of feed utilization in poultry by selection. 2. Genetic parameters of excretion traits and correlations with anatomy of the gastro-intestinal tract and digestive efficiency

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Poultry production has been widely criticized for its negative environmental impact related to the quantity of manure produced and to its nitrogen and phosphorus content. In this study, we investigated which traits related to excretion could be used to select chickens for lower environmental pollution.</p> <p>The genetic parameters of several excretion traits were estimated on 630 chickens originating from 2 chicken lines divergently selected on apparent metabolisable energy corrected for zero nitrogen (AMEn) at constant body weight. The quantity of excreta relative to feed consumption (CDUDM), the nitrogen and phosphorus excreted, the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio and the water content of excreta were measured, and the consequences of such selection on performance and gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) characteristics estimated. The genetic correlations between excretion, GIT and performance traits were established.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Heritability estimates were high for CDUDM and the nitrogen excretion rate (0.30 and 0.29, respectively). The other excretion measurements showed low to moderate heritability estimates, ranging from 0.10 for excreta water content to 0.22 for the phosphorus excretion rate. Except for the excreta water content, the CDUDM was highly correlated with the excretion traits, ranging from -0.64 to -1.00. The genetic correlations between AMEn or CDUDM and the GIT characteristics were very similar and showed that a decrease in chicken excretion involves an increase in weight of the upper part of the GIT, and a decrease in the weight of the small intestine.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In order to limit the environmental impact of chicken production, AMEn and CDUDM seem to be more suitable criteria to include in selection schemes than feed efficiency traits.</p

    Exploratory Visualization of Astronomical Data on Ultra-high-resolution Wall Displays

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    International audienceUltra-high-resolution wall displays feature a very high pixel density over a large physical surface, which makes them well-suited to the collaborative, exploratory visualization of large datasets. We introduce FITS-OW, an application designed for such wall displays, that enables astronomers to navigate in large collections of FITS images, query astronomical databases, and display detailed, complementary data and documents about multiple sources simultaneously. We describe how astronomers interact with their data using both the wall's touch-sensitive surface and handheld devices. We also report on the technical challenges we addressed in terms of distributed graphics rendering and data sharing over the computer clusters that drive wall displays

    Carbone des sols en Afrique

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    Les sols sont une ressource essentielle Ă  prĂ©server pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la prĂ©servation de la biodiversitĂ© et le stockage du carbone. En tant que rĂ©servoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelĂ©s Ă  jouer un rĂŽle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz Ă  effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de dĂ©veloppement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zĂ©ro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvretĂ© ». Cet ouvrage prĂ©sente un Ă©tat des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversitĂ©, mais au-delĂ , il documente les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose Ă©galement des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprĂ©tation des donnĂ©es, ainsi que des options pour prĂ©server, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du dĂ©veloppement impliquĂ©s dans les recherches sur le rĂŽle du carbone des sols sont concernĂ©s par cette synthĂšse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et europĂ©ens, ce livre insiste sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre en compte la grande variĂ©tĂ© des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour amĂ©liorer nos connaissances sur les capacitĂ©s de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

    CHARACTERIZATION, ASSESSMENT, MODELING OF EXCHANGES BETWEEN KARSTIC AQUIFERS AND RIVERS – APPLICATION TO THE RIVER CÈZE (GARD, FRANCE)

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    Ce travail s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire (Zone Atelier Bassin du RhĂŽne – Agence de l’Eau RhĂŽne MĂ©diterranĂ©e Corse) portant sur la riviĂšre CĂšze, affluent du RhĂŽne.Le terrain d’expĂ©rimentation se situe dans les formations karstiques du bassin de la CĂšze (Gard, France). Cette zone touristique est exposĂ©e Ă  une croissance dĂ©mographique et de l’activitĂ© agricole, engendrant une augmentation de la demande en eau. La thĂšse se concentre sur la restitution des eaux karstiques Ă  la riviĂšre en pĂ©riode estivale pour en comprendre le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystĂšme en pĂ©riode de basses eaux, quand la ressource est vulnĂ©rable.Ce travail a permis d’élaborer une mĂ©thodologie, pour analyser et quantifier les Ă©changes entre la riviĂšre et l’aquifĂšre karstique, fondĂ©e sur : la gĂ©ologie, l’hydrologie, la gĂ©ochimie, la biologie, la radioactivitĂ© en radon, l’analyse d’images infrarouges thermiques et la modĂ©lisation. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus avec ces approches sont confrontĂ©s pour interprĂ©ter les interactions karst/riviĂšre d’un point de vue qualitatif et/ou quantitatif (localisation, pĂ©riodicitĂ©, dĂ©bits). La confrontation de ces rĂ©sultats met en avant l’intĂ©rĂȘt d’une mĂ©thodologie interdisciplinaire pour interprĂ©ter et quantifier les Ă©changes karst/riviĂšre. L’application de la mĂ©thode montre qu’en juin 2015, la CĂšze est alimentĂ©e Ă  50 % par des eaux karstiques.L’analyse multi-mĂ©trique du systĂšme karstique a permis d’acquĂ©rir de nouvelles connaissances sur son fonctionnement nĂ©cessaires pour paramĂ©trer le modĂšle par rĂ©seaux de neurones qui constitue la derniĂšre Ă©tape de ce travail.This work is part of an interdisciplinary research project (Rhone Basin Workshop Zone – the Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency) on the river CĂšze, a tributary of the RhĂŽne.The experimental field is located in the karstic formations of the CĂšze basin (Gard, France). This tourist area is exposed to population growth and agricultural activity, causing an increase in water demand. The thesis focuses on the karstic water restitution to the river during summer, in order to understand the functioning of the hydrosystem in periods of low water levels, when the resource is vulnerable.This work led to the development of a methodology to analyze and quantify the exchanges between karstic aquifers and rivers. This methodology is based on geology, hydrology, geochemistry, biology, radon radioactivity, infrared thermal imaging analysis and modeling. The results obtained with these approaches are compared in order to understand the karst/river interactions from a qualitative and/or quantitative point of view (localization, frequency, flow rates). The comparison of these results highlights the advantages of an interdisciplinary methodology for understanding and quantifying the karst/river exchanges. The application of this method shows that in June 2015, 50 % of the river CĂšze was fed by karstic waters.The multi-metric analysis of the karstic system has led to new knowledge about its functioning. This knowledge is necessary to set the model’s parameters using neural networks, which is the last stage of this work

    Le IETHY du karst, un indicateur à trois paramÚtres pour caractériser les conditions hydriques du karst : application à la riviÚre CÚze (Gard, France)

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    International audienceIn the interest of creating a point of reference allowing to know the hydrological conditions of the karst system and for the purpose of using it as a parameter in a modelling procedure, a Hydric Indicator of the Karst (HIK, i.e. IETHY of karst) is proposed. This indicator makes it possible to identify and qualify if at a specific moment «t» the karst is more able to contribute to the flow of the river or on the contrary to infiltrate precipitation water. The HIK is constructed from a simple statistic approach based on the data collected at the Ussel spring and the MĂ©tĂ©o France rain gauge at the karst plateau of MĂ©jannes-le-Clap (Gard, France). Chronic rainfall and discharge measurements from the source include two hydrologicalcycles (2013-2015). The discharge of the spring is calculated from the recordings of water amounts from autonomous water level probes. These water levels are converted into discharge through a calibration curve. For rain events with at least 4 mm of precipitation, 10 parameterson rainfall characteristics and on the flow rate of the Ussel spring are analyzed to obtain the HIK. In total, 79 events were analyzed. Finally, this indicator is a relevant entry for the simulation of flow variations in the river within its karst canyon. It is also a relevant tool for institutions which monitor the condition of the karst aquifer and thus can be a useful tool for the management of the aquifer. Our goal was to develop an approach, with which we can calculate and predict, what will be the response at karst spring, if we know current discharge of the Ussel spring and expected amount of rainfall.Dans l’intĂ©rĂȘt de crĂ©er un point de rĂ©fĂ©rence permettant de connaĂźtre l’état hydrique de l’ensemble du systĂšme karstique et/ou de pouvoir l’associer Ă  de la modĂ©lisation, un indicateur de l’état hydrique du karst (IETHY du karst) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli Ă  partir de toutes les connaissances acquises sur le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystĂšme karstique de la CĂšze. Cet indicateur permet de connaĂźtre et de qualifier simplement si Ă  un instant « t », le karst est plus en mesure de contribuer Ă  la montĂ©e des eaux en riviĂšre ou, au contraire, d’infiltrer les eaux de surface. Le IETHY du karst est construit Ă  partir des donnĂ©es recueillies sur la source d’Ussel et le pluviomĂštre MĂ©tĂ©o France de MĂ©jannes-le-Clap Gard, France). La base de donnĂ©es recueillie pour la pluie et le dĂ©bit de la source d’Ussel inclut deux cycles hydrologiques (de 2013 Ă  2015). Le dĂ©bit de la source est calculĂ© Ă  partir des donnĂ©es de hauteurs d’eau enregistrĂ©es en continu Ă  l’aide d’une sonde de pression. Cette base de donnĂ©es est convertie en dĂ©bit grĂące Ă  une courbe de tarage rĂ©alisĂ©e pour cette Ă©tude. Pour la construction du IETHY du karst, tous les Ă©vĂ©nements pluvieux pour lesquels la lame d’eau prĂ©cipitĂ©e est Ă©gale ou dĂ©passe 4 mm sont pris en compte. Cette condition a permis d’étudier un total de 79 Ă©vĂ©nements pluvieux. Dix paramĂštres provenant des donnĂ©es de pluie et de dĂ©bit de la source d’Ussel ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s pour obtenir le IETHY du karst. Finalement, cet indicateur peut ĂȘtre une donnĂ©e pertinente pour la modĂ©lisation du comportement de la CĂšze qui est influencĂ©e par ses interactions avec le systĂšme karstique Ă  l’intĂ©rieur du canyon karstique (moyenne vallĂ©e). Cet indicateur peut aussi ĂȘtre un outil d’exploitation utile aux acteurs locaux pour la surveillance de l’état hydrique du systĂšme karstique. L’objectif dans ce travail est de dĂ©velopper une approche de calcul et de prĂ©diction de l’état hydrique du systĂšme karstique, Ă  partir de donnĂ©es facilement disponibles in situ et de prĂ©dictions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques. Ce prĂ©sent article est structurĂ© en trois parties : tout d’abord un bref rappel du contexte hydrogĂ©ologique de la zone d’étude qui comprend la partie karstique du bassin versant de la CĂšze, en seconde partie le mode de construction de l’indicateur et dans une derniĂšre partie les rĂ©sultats obtenus et leur interprĂ©tation

    Caractérisation, Evaluation, modélisation des échanges entre aquifÚres karstiques et riviÚres : application à la CÚze (Gard, France)

    No full text
    This work is part of an interdisciplinary research project (Rhone Basin Workshop Zone – the Rhone-Mediterranean and Corsica Water Agency) on the river CĂšze, a tributary of the RhĂŽne.The experimental field is located in the karstic formations of the CĂšze basin (Gard, France). This tourist area is exposed to population growth and agricultural activity, causing an increase in water demand. The thesis focuses on the karstic water restitution to the river during summer, in order to understand the functioning of the hydrosystem in periods of low water levels, when the resource is vulnerable.This work led to the development of a methodology to analyze and quantify the exchanges between karstic aquifers and rivers. This methodology is based on geology, hydrology, geochemistry, biology, radon radioactivity, infrared thermal imaging analysis and modeling. The results obtained with these approaches are compared in order to understand the karst/river interactions from a qualitative and/or quantitative point of view (localization, frequency, flow rates). The comparison of these results highlights the advantages of an interdisciplinary methodology for understanding and quantifying the karst/river exchanges. The application of this method shows that in June 2015, 50 % of the river CĂšze was fed by karstic waters.The multi-metric analysis of the karstic system has led to new knowledge about its functioning. This knowledge is necessary to set the model’s parameters using neural networks, which is the last stage of this work.Ce travail s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche interdisciplinaire (Zone Atelier Bassin du RhĂŽne – Agence de l’Eau RhĂŽne MĂ©diterranĂ©e Corse) portant sur la riviĂšre CĂšze, affluent du RhĂŽne.Le terrain d’expĂ©rimentation se situe dans les formations karstiques du bassin de la CĂšze (Gard, France). Cette zone touristique est exposĂ©e Ă  une croissance dĂ©mographique et de l’activitĂ© agricole, engendrant une augmentation de la demande en eau. La thĂšse se concentre sur la restitution des eaux karstiques Ă  la riviĂšre en pĂ©riode estivale pour en comprendre le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystĂšme en pĂ©riode de basses eaux, quand la ressource est vulnĂ©rable.Ce travail a permis d’élaborer une mĂ©thodologie, pour analyser et quantifier les Ă©changes entre la riviĂšre et l’aquifĂšre karstique, fondĂ©e sur : la gĂ©ologie, l’hydrologie, la gĂ©ochimie, la biologie, la radioactivitĂ© en radon, l’analyse d’images infrarouges thermiques et la modĂ©lisation. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus avec ces approches sont confrontĂ©s pour interprĂ©ter les interactions karst/riviĂšre d’un point de vue qualitatif et/ou quantitatif (localisation, pĂ©riodicitĂ©, dĂ©bits). La confrontation de ces rĂ©sultats met en avant l’intĂ©rĂȘt d’une mĂ©thodologie interdisciplinaire pour interprĂ©ter et quantifier les Ă©changes karst/riviĂšre. L’application de la mĂ©thode montre qu’en juin 2015, la CĂšze est alimentĂ©e Ă  50 % par des eaux karstiques.L’analyse multi-mĂ©trique du systĂšme karstique a permis d’acquĂ©rir de nouvelles connaissances sur son fonctionnement nĂ©cessaires pour paramĂ©trer le modĂšle par rĂ©seaux de neurones qui constitue la derniĂšre Ă©tape de ce travail

    Le IETHY du karst, un indicateur à trois paramÚtres pour caractériser les conditions hydriques du karst : application à la riviÚre CÚze (Gard, France)

    No full text
    International audienceIn the interest of creating a point of reference allowing to know the hydrological conditions of the karst system and for the purpose of using it as a parameter in a modelling procedure, a Hydric Indicator of the Karst (HIK, i.e. IETHY of karst) is proposed. This indicator makes it possible to identify and qualify if at a specific moment «t» the karst is more able to contribute to the flow of the river or on the contrary to infiltrate precipitation water. The HIK is constructed from a simple statistic approach based on the data collected at the Ussel spring and the MĂ©tĂ©o France rain gauge at the karst plateau of MĂ©jannes-le-Clap (Gard, France). Chronic rainfall and discharge measurements from the source include two hydrologicalcycles (2013-2015). The discharge of the spring is calculated from the recordings of water amounts from autonomous water level probes. These water levels are converted into discharge through a calibration curve. For rain events with at least 4 mm of precipitation, 10 parameterson rainfall characteristics and on the flow rate of the Ussel spring are analyzed to obtain the HIK. In total, 79 events were analyzed. Finally, this indicator is a relevant entry for the simulation of flow variations in the river within its karst canyon. It is also a relevant tool for institutions which monitor the condition of the karst aquifer and thus can be a useful tool for the management of the aquifer. Our goal was to develop an approach, with which we can calculate and predict, what will be the response at karst spring, if we know current discharge of the Ussel spring and expected amount of rainfall.Dans l’intĂ©rĂȘt de crĂ©er un point de rĂ©fĂ©rence permettant de connaĂźtre l’état hydrique de l’ensemble du systĂšme karstique et/ou de pouvoir l’associer Ă  de la modĂ©lisation, un indicateur de l’état hydrique du karst (IETHY du karst) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tabli Ă  partir de toutes les connaissances acquises sur le fonctionnement de l’hydrosystĂšme karstique de la CĂšze. Cet indicateur permet de connaĂźtre et de qualifier simplement si Ă  un instant « t », le karst est plus en mesure de contribuer Ă  la montĂ©e des eaux en riviĂšre ou, au contraire, d’infiltrer les eaux de surface. Le IETHY du karst est construit Ă  partir des donnĂ©es recueillies sur la source d’Ussel et le pluviomĂštre MĂ©tĂ©o France de MĂ©jannes-le-Clap Gard, France). La base de donnĂ©es recueillie pour la pluie et le dĂ©bit de la source d’Ussel inclut deux cycles hydrologiques (de 2013 Ă  2015). Le dĂ©bit de la source est calculĂ© Ă  partir des donnĂ©es de hauteurs d’eau enregistrĂ©es en continu Ă  l’aide d’une sonde de pression. Cette base de donnĂ©es est convertie en dĂ©bit grĂące Ă  une courbe de tarage rĂ©alisĂ©e pour cette Ă©tude. Pour la construction du IETHY du karst, tous les Ă©vĂ©nements pluvieux pour lesquels la lame d’eau prĂ©cipitĂ©e est Ă©gale ou dĂ©passe 4 mm sont pris en compte. Cette condition a permis d’étudier un total de 79 Ă©vĂ©nements pluvieux. Dix paramĂštres provenant des donnĂ©es de pluie et de dĂ©bit de la source d’Ussel ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s pour obtenir le IETHY du karst. Finalement, cet indicateur peut ĂȘtre une donnĂ©e pertinente pour la modĂ©lisation du comportement de la CĂšze qui est influencĂ©e par ses interactions avec le systĂšme karstique Ă  l’intĂ©rieur du canyon karstique (moyenne vallĂ©e). Cet indicateur peut aussi ĂȘtre un outil d’exploitation utile aux acteurs locaux pour la surveillance de l’état hydrique du systĂšme karstique. L’objectif dans ce travail est de dĂ©velopper une approche de calcul et de prĂ©diction de l’état hydrique du systĂšme karstique, Ă  partir de donnĂ©es facilement disponibles in situ et de prĂ©dictions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques. Ce prĂ©sent article est structurĂ© en trois parties : tout d’abord un bref rappel du contexte hydrogĂ©ologique de la zone d’étude qui comprend la partie karstique du bassin versant de la CĂšze, en seconde partie le mode de construction de l’indicateur et dans une derniĂšre partie les rĂ©sultats obtenus et leur interprĂ©tation

    Genome wide association study of growth and feed efficiency traits in rabbits

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    [EN] Feed efficiency is a major production trait in animal genetic breeding schemes. To further investigate the genetic control of feed efficiency in rabbits, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for growth and feed efficiency on 679 rabbits genotyped with the Affimetrix Axiom Rabbit 200K Genotyping Array. After quality control, 127 847 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were retained for association analyses. The GWAS were performed using GEMMA software, applying a mixed univariate animal model with a linear regression on each SNP allele. The traits analysed were weight at weaning and at 63 days of age, average daily gain, total individual feed intake, feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake. No significant SNP was found for growth traits or feed intake. Fifteen genome-wide significant SNPs were detected for feed conversion ratio on OCU7, spanning from 124.8 Mbp to 126.3 Mbp, plus two isolated SNP on OCU2 (77.3 Mbp) and OCU8 (16.5 Mbp). For residual feed intake, a region on OCU18 (46.1-53.0 Mbp) was detected, which contained a putative functional candidate gene, GOT1.This study is part of the Feed-a-Gene Project, funded from the European Union’s H2020 Programme under grant agreement nÂș 633 531.Garreau, H.; Labrune, Y.; Chapuis, H.; Ruesche, J.; Riquet, J.; Demars, J.; Benitez, F.... (2023). Genome wide association study of growth and feed efficiency traits in rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 31(3):163-169. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2023.18215163169313Aggrey S.E., Lee J., Karnuah A.B., Rekaya R. 2014. Transcriptomic analysis of genes in the nitrogen recycling pathway of meattype chickens divergently selected for feed efficiency. Anim. Genet., 45: 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12098Carneiro M., Rubin C.J., Di Palma F., Albert F.W., Alföldi J., Barrio A.M., Pielberg G., Rafati N., Sayyab S., Turner-Maier J., Younis S., Afonso S., Aken B., Alves J.M., Barrell D., Bolet G., Boucher S., Burbano H.A., Campos R., Chang J.L., Duranthon V., Fontanesi L., Garreau H., Heiman D., Johnson J., Mage R.G., Peng Z., Queney G., Rogel Gaillard C., Ruffier M., Searle S., Villafuerte R., Xiong A., Young S., Forsberg-Nilsson K., Good J.M., Lander E.S., Ferrand N., Lindblad-Toh K., Andersson L. 2014. Rabbit genome analysis reveals a polygenic basis for phenotypic change during domestication. Science, 345: 1074-1079. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1253714Delpuech E., Aliakbari A., Labrune Y., FĂšve K., Billon Y., Gilbert H., Riquet J. 2021. Identification of genomic regions affecting production traits in pigs divergently selected for feed efficiency. Genet. Sel. Evol., 53: 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-021-00642-1Ding R., Yang M., Wang X., Quan J., Zhuang Z., Zhou S., Li S., Xu Z., Zheng E., Cai G., Liu D., Huang W., Yang J., Wu Z. 2018. Genetic architecture of feeding behavior and feed efficiency in a Duroc pig population. Front. Genet., 9: 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00220Drouilhet L., Gilbert H., Balmisse E., Ruesche J., Tircazes A., Larzul C., Garreau H. 2013. Genetic parameters for two selection criteria for feed efficiency in rabbits. J. Anim. Sci., 91: 3128. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-6176Drouilhet L., Achard C.S, Zemb O., Molette C., Gidenne T., Larzul C., Ruesche J., Tircazes A., Segura M., Theau-ClĂ©ment M., Joly T., Balmisse E., Garreau H., Gilbert H. 2015. Direct and correlated responses to selection in two lines of rabbits selected for feed efficiency under ad libitum and restricted feeding: I. Production traits and gut microbiota characteristics. J. Anim. 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