Fort McDowell Indian Community Water Settlement (Yavapai Nation)

Settlement: Fort McDowell Indian Community Water Settlement (Jan. 15, 1993) Parties: Fort McDowell Indian Community, Yavapai Nation, Arizona, US, Salt River Valley Water Users Association, Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Roosevelt Water Conservation District, Chandler, Glendale, Mesa, Phoenix, Scottsdale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Central AZ Water Conservation District. Overall plan is to find enough water to irrigate 4,000 acres with a duty of 4.5 a/f/y and support 18,350 acres with a duty of 1 a/f/y. of urban development. With an exception for the Verde River Spill Water, total diversion (all from above Granite Reef Dam) is limited to 36,350 a/f/y. Diversions by Phoenix will not count against this total. 7,060 a/f/y will be controlled by the Kent, 6,730 a/f/y (delivered at 50 percent normal cost and phased in over five years) by the Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District, 3,200 a/f/y by the Roosevelt Water Conservation District, 4,300 a/f/y from the Central AZ Project, and 13,933 a/f/y from the Harquahala Irrigation District. In times of shortage, water will be released from Verde River reservoirs to first satisfy the Kent, and then those rights of the Tribe and Phoenix. The Tribe\u27s maximum diversion right is slightly greater than its entitlement to agreed-upon returns. Tribe shall file its water usage report annually with the Gila River Adjudication. Tribe receives 3,000 a/f of storage space behind Bartlett and Horseshoe dams for more effective use of Kent waters. 6,730 a/f of Salt River Project stored water is available for a specific area. Tribe waives all other water within and without boundaries of reservation. Tribe shall lease 4,300 a/f to Phoenix for 99 years starting Jan. 1, 2001. It\u27s estimated that USA will pay $36M, AZ$2M, Phoenix $5M and the Tribe$1M. [Source: http://www.azwater.gov/azdwr/SurfaceWater/Adjudications/documents/Fort%20McDowell%20Indian%20Community%20Settlement%20Agreement%20&%20Exhibits.pdf

Improving local health through community health workers in Cambodia: challenges and solutions

Volunteer community health workers (CHWs) are an important link between the public health system and the community. The ‘Community Participation Policy for Health’ in Cambodia identifies CHWs as key to local health promotion and as a critical link between district health centres and the community. However, research on the challenges CHWs face and identifying what is required to optimise their performance is limited in the Cambodian context. This research explores the views of CHWs in rural Cambodia, on the challenges they face when implementing health initiatives

Synaptic versus extrasynaptic NMDA receptor signalling: implications for neurodegenerative disorders

There is a long-standing paradox that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) can both promote neuronal health and kill neurons. Recent studies show that NMDAR-induced responses depend on the receptor location: stimulation of synaptic NMDARs, acting primarily through nuclear Ca(2+) signaling, leads to the build-up of a neuroprotective ‘shield’, whereas stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDARs promotes cell death. These differences result from the activation of distinct genomic programmes and opposing actions on intracellular signalling pathways. Perturbations in the balance between synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR activity contribute to neuronal dysfunction in acute ischaemia and Huntington’s disease and could be a common theme in the aetiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroprotective therapies should aim to both enhance the effect of synaptic activity and disrupt extrasynaptic NMDAR-dependent death signalling

International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

A high temperature, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition system

We have designed and built a high-temperature, plasma-assisted, chemical vapor deposition system to deposit multilayer optical coatings of SiO{sub 2} and doped-SiO{sub 2} flat substrates. The coater concept and design is an outgrowth of our recent work with Schott Glasswerke demonstrating the use of plasma assisted CVD to prepare very high damage threshold optical coatings. The coater is designed to deposit up to several thousand alternating quarterwave layers of SiO{sub 2} and doped SiO{sub 2} substrate at deposition rates up to several microns per minute. The substrate is resistively heated to about 1000{degree}C during the deposition phase of the process. The plasma is driven by a 13.56 MHz RF unit capable of producing power densities of up to 140 W cm{sup {minus}3} in the reaction zone. The coater is designed to be adaptable to microwave generated plasmas, as well as RF. Reactant gas flow rates of up to 10 slm can be achieved at a 10 tar operating pressure. Reactants consist of O{sub 2}, SiCl{sub 4} and a volatile halogenated dopant. These gases react in the plasma volume producing SiO{sub 2} with dopant concentrations of up to a few percent. A variable dopant concentration is used to produce index differences between adjacent optical layers