Credit and Liquidity in the Payment System of Emperor Charles V (The “Great Loan of 1532-1537”): A Quantitative Approach

During the reign of Charles V there was a significant increase of short-term debt due to the presence of both Castilian and international financial groups as lenders. This article focuses on the most important of the loans signed during Emperor’s time, which it can be named as the “great seat” of 1532. Taking advantage of primary sources about this loan, the study also gets into the structures of royal spending, budget and accounts of Baeza and Zuazola –royal treasurers- as well as Castilian financial fairs during the thirties of the sixteenth century

Las peticiones particulares de Cortes, fuente para el conocimiento de la vida concejil castellana.

Sin resume

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries