Restauration de la flore des prés salés continentaux : expérimentation sur le marais de Saint-Beauzire (Puy-de-Dôme, 63)

This article presents a case study of recolonization by flora constituting a continental salt meadow type vegetation after the removal of an embankment on a continental salt marsh in the Limagne plain (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Salt marshes indicator plants was monitored in presence/absence in a network of 104 meshes of 10 m². We were able to show the rapid and lasting colonization of Puccinellia distans and Juncus gerardi, but also the slower and variable installation of Spergula media and Plantago maritima. We mapped spatial and temporal evolutions of this colonization for 6 different species. Among the halotolerant species, one should note the increase in the population of endangered species such as Inula britannica. The monitoring protocol allows us to conclude on the interest of this type of embankment removal operation to restore the abiotic parameters and the flora of the «continental salt meadow» vegetation.Cet article présente une étude de cas de recolonisation par la végétation de type pré salé continental après des travaux de suppression d’un remblai sur un marais salé continental dans la plaine de la Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Les plantes indicatrices des prés salés ont été suivies en présence/absence dans un réseau de 104 mailles de 10 m². Nous avons pu montrer la colonisation rapide et durable de Puccinellia distans et Juncus gerardi, mais aussi l’installation plus lente et variable de Spergula media et de Plantago maritima. Nous avons cartographié les évolutions spatiales et temporelles de cette colonisation pour 6 espèces différentes. Parmi les espèces halotolérantes, on notera l’augmentation de la population d’espèces menacées comme celle d’Inula britannica. Les résultats permettent de conclure sur l’intérêt de ce type d’opération de suppression de remblais pour restaurer les paramètres abiotiques et de la capacité de la flore de se réinstaller même après vingt-cinq ans pour reconstituer une communauté végétale caractéristique des « prés salés continentaux »

Foisonnement de l'innovation agricole : quelques exemples d'initiatives en élevage herbivore

Les témoignages rassemblés pour illustrer le foisonnement des innovations agricoles émanent d'acteurs différents (agriculteurs, recherche, développement) mais sont tous caractérisés par des approches plutôt systémiques et des dynamiques de co-conception. Les thèmes abordés concernent la production (valorisation des surfaces avec des cultures dérobées, sélection d'espèce prairiales locales), l'appropriation de résultats de recherche (amélioration de la gestion des prairies), la conception d'itinéraires techniques (solutions pour limiter les pertes d'azote en rotation prairie - prairie), l'évaluation de systèmes (repérer des pratiques innovantes en mobilisant des principes de l'agroécologie) mais aussi l'amélioration des conditions de travail et la formation (communication « intergénérationnelle » entre des paysans herbagers et des élèves)

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Changement cognitif ou transformation du rôle social de l'expert ? (sociologie des experts du risque routier dans une approche comparative France-Québec)

Si les techniques ingénieriales, utilisées dans les années 1960-1970, ont été déployées dans laconstruction de vastes infrastructures routières afin de rechercher le bien être social et humainpar la mobilisation de la science et de la technique, les méthodes ingénieriales actuellesrecouvrent de nouvelles ambitions. De prime abord, la transition semble nette. Ce n est plusaujourd hui à l usager de se conformer aux transformations de son environnement routiermais aux ingénieurs de construire une infrastructure routière adaptée à la pluralité descomportements des conducteurs. L introduction de l audit de sécurité routière au sein duMinistère de l Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer (MEEDDM) et du Ministèredes Transports du Québec (MTQ), illustre ce tournant. Il s exerce dans le cadre d un dispositifde contrôle renouvelé aux fins d indépendance de l expertise et initie une nouvelle approche.Appelée approche proactive, cette dernière rompt avec les précédentes en dépassant le simplecontrôle technique de l infrastructure par la mobilisation de savoirs expérientielsprofessionnels et de conducteur, propres à chacun des auditeurs, afin de répondre auxdimensions comportementales des usagers. C est la transformation cognitive initiée par l auditqui fera l objet de notre attention dans cette thèse et, plus particulièrement, le changementapporté par l utilisation des savoirs expérientiels. Nous constaterons que le renouvellement del approche ingénieriale se double paradoxalement de la prégnance de cadres cognitifstraditionnels renvoyant aux cultures ingénieriales propres à la France et au Québec.L ambivalence de ce constat mettra en exergue le fait que l introduction de l audit de sécuritéroutière relève moins d un changement cognitif que d une transformation du rôle social del expert renvoyant à l exercice de nouvelles formes de légitimité de l action publique.L attention portée aux particularités comportementales des usagers et la mise en œuvre d uncontrôle indépendant montreront que ce renouvellement de l instrumentation de l ingénierieroutière incarne l exercice de légitimités contemporaines de l action publique.Engineering techniques, during the 1960-1970 years, have been deployed in the constructionof huge road infrastructures for the social and human welfare by the use of science andtechnique. Nowadays, the engineering vantage has change. At the first sight, transition seemsclear. Today, users don t have to conform their behaviours to the road environmenttransformations. It belongs to engineers to build road infrastructures adapted to the variousdriver s behaviours. The incorporation of road safety audit in the French Ministry of Ecology,Sustainable Development and Sea (MEEDDM) and in the Quebec Ministry of Transports(MTQ), exemplifies this turning point. First, road safety audit is applied in a new frameworkcontrol system for the expertise independence purpose. Second, it introduces a newengineering approach called proactive approach. This one breaks with the previousapproaches by transcending technical control with the use of professional experiences anddriver s knowledge in order to adapt infrastructure to driver s behaviours. This cognitivetransformation will be the object of our research. Specifically, we will study the changeleaded by experiential knowledge. Paradoxically, we will note traditional cognitiveframeworks, which pertain to French and Quebec cultural engineering, in a renewedengineering approach. Then we will show that road safety audit incorporation more underlinea transformation of the expert social role than a cognitive change. This social rolemodification reflects to new forms of state action legitimacy. Indeed, considering driver sbehaviours particularities and introducing an independent control system will show roadsafety audit incorporation as the exercise of contemporary legitimacies of state action.TOULOUSE1-SCD-Bib. electronique (315559902) / SudocSudocFranceF

LeGOO: Une base de connaissances centrée sur la légumineuse modèle Medicago truncatula

This is the Author’s Original Version of the manuscript accepted for publication in Plant And Cell Physiology: https://academic.oup.com/pcp/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pcp/pcz177/5570989International audiencebstract Medicago truncatula was proposed, about three decades ago, as a model legume to study the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It has now been adopted to study a wide range of biological questions, including various developmental processes (in particular root, symbiotic nodule and seed development), symbiotic (nitrogen-fixing and arbuscular mycorrhizal endosymbioses) and pathogenic interactions, as well as responses to abiotic stress. With a number of tools and resources set up in M. truncatula for omics, genetics and reverse genetics approaches, massive amounts of data have been produced, as well as four genome sequence releases. Many of these data were generated with heterogeneous tools, notably for transcriptomics studies, and are consequently difficult to integrate. This issue is addressed by the LeGOO (for Legume Graph-Oriented Organizer) knowledge base (https://www.legoo.org), which finds the correspondence between the multiple identifiers of the same gene. Furthermore, an important goal of LeGOO is to collect and represent biological information from peer-reviewed publications, whatever the technical approaches used to obtain this information. The information is modeled in a graph-oriented database, which enables flexible representation, with currently over 200,000 relations retrieved from 298 publications. LeGOO also provides the user with mining tools, including links to the Mt5.0 genome browser and associated information (on gene functional annotation, expression, methylome, natural diversity and available insertion mutants), as well as tools to navigate through different model species. LeGOO is, therefore, an innovative database that will be useful to the Medicago and legume community to better exploit the wealth of data produced on this model species

Restauration de la flore des prés salés continentaux : expérimentation sur le marais de Saint-Beauzire (Puy-de-Dôme, 63)

International audienceThis article presents a case study of recolonization by flora constituting a continental salt meadow type vegetation after the removal of an embankment on a continental salt marsh in the Limagne plain (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Salt marshes indicator plants was monitored in presence/absence in a network of 104 meshes of 10 m². We were able to show the rapid and lasting colonization of Puc-cinellia distans and Juncus gerardi, but also the slower and variable installation of Spergula media and Plantago maritima. We mapped spatial and temporal evolutions of this colonization for 6 different species. Among the halotolerant species, one should note the increase in the population of endan-gered species such as Inula britannica. The monitoring protocol allows us to conclude on the interest of this type of embankment removal operation to restore the abiotic parameters and the flora of the «continental salt meadow» vegetation.Cet article présente une étude de cas de recolonisation par la végétation de type pré salé continental après des travaux de suppression d’un remblai sur un marais salé continental dans la plaine de la Limagne (Puy-de-Dôme, France). Les plantes indicatrices des prés salés ont été suivies en présence/absence dans un réseau de 104 mailles de 10 m². Nous avons pu montrer la colonisation rapide et durable de Puccinellia distans et Juncus gerardi, mais aussi l’installation plus lente et variable de Spergula media et de Plantago maritima. Nous avons cartographié les évolutions spatiales et temporelles de cette colonisation pour 6 espèces différentes. Parmi les espèces halotolérantes, on notera l’augmentation de la population d’espèces menacées comme celle d’Inula britannica. Les résultats permettent de conclure sur l’intérêt de ce type d’opération de suppression de remblais pour restaurer les paramètres abiotiques et de la capacité de la flore de se réinstaller même après vingt-cinq ans pour reconstituer une communauté végétale caractéristique des « prés salés continentaux »

Transverse Cracking Induced Acoustic Emission in Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Matrix Composite Laminates

International audienceTransverse cracking induced acoustic emission in carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composite laminates is studied both experimentally and numerically. The influence of the type of sensor, specimen thickness and ply stacking sequence is investigated. The frequency content corresponding to the same damage mechanism differs significantly depending on the sensor and the stacking sequence. However, the frequency centroid does not wholly depend on the ply thickness except for the inner ply crack and a sensor located close enough to the crack. Outer ply cracking exhibits signals with a low-frequency content, not depending much on the ply thickness, contrary to inner ply cracking, for which the frequency content is higher and more dependent on the ply thickness. Frequency peaks and frequency centroids obtained experimentally are well captured by numerical simulations of the transverse cracking induced acoustic emission for different ply thicknesses