Bounds from Primordial Black Holes with a Near Critical Collapse Initial Mass Function

Recent numerical evidence suggests that a mass spectrum of primordial black holes (PBHs) is produced as a consequence of near critical gravitational collapse. Assuming that these holes formed from the initial density perturbations seeded by inflation, we calculate model independent upper bounds on the mass variance at the reheating temperature by requiring the mass density not exceed the critical density and the photon emission not exceed current diffuse gamma-ray measurements. We then translate these results into bounds on the spectral index n by utilizing the COBE data to normalize the mass variance at large scales, assuming a constant power law, then scaling this result to the reheating temperature. We find that our bounds on n differ substantially (\delta n > 0.05) from those calculated using initial mass functions derived under the assumption that the black hole mass is proportional to the horizon mass at the collapse epoch. We also find a change in the shape of the diffuse gamma-ray spectrum which results from the Hawking radiation. Finally, we study the impact of a nonzero cosmological constant and find that the bounds on n are strengthened considerably if the universe is indeed vacuum-energy dominated today.Comment: 24 pages, REVTeX, 5 figures; minor typos fixed, two refs added, version to be published in PR

Primordial black holes in braneworld cosmologies: astrophysical constraints

In two recent papers we explored the modifications to primordial black hole physics when one moves to the simplest braneworld model, Randall--Sundrum type II. Both the evaporation law and the cosmological evolution of the population can be modified, and additionally accretion of energy from the background can be dominant over evaporation at high energies. In this paper we present a detailed study of how this impacts upon various astrophysical constraints, analyzing constraints from the present density, from the present high-energy photon background radiation, from distortion of the microwave background spectrum, and from processes affecting light element abundances both during and after nucleosynthesis. Typically, the constraints on the formation rate of primordial black holes weaken as compared to the standard cosmology if black hole accretion is unimportant at high energies, but can be strengthened in the case of efficient accretion.Comment: 17 pages RevTeX4 file with three figures incorporated; final paper in series astro-ph/0205149 and astro-ph/0208299. Minor changes to match version accepted by Physical Review

Constraints on diffuse neutrino background from primordial black holes

We calculated the energy spectra and the fluxes of electron neutrino emitted in the process of evaporation of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early universe. It was assumed that PBHs are formed by a blue power-law spectrum of primordial density fluctuations. We obtained the bounds on the spectral index of density fluctuations assuming validity of the standard picture of gravitational collapse and using the available data of several experiments with atmospheric and solar neutrinos. The comparison of our results with the previous constraints (which had been obtained using diffuse photon background data) shows that such bounds are quite sensitive to an assumed form of the initial PBH mass function.Comment: 18 pages,(with 7 figures

Football in the community schemes: Exploring the effectiveness of an intervention in promoting healthful behaviour change

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a Premier League football club’s Football in the Community (FitC) schemes intervention in promoting positive healthful behaviour change in children. Specifically, exploring the effectiveness of this intervention from the perspectives of the participants involved (i.e. the researcher, teachers, children and coaches). A range of data collection techniques were utilized including the principles of ethnography (i.e. immersion, engagement and observations), alongside conducting focus groups with the children. The results allude to the intervention merely ‘keeping active children active’ via (mostly) fun, football sessions. Results highlight the important contribution the ‘coach’ plays in the effectiveness of the intervention. Results relating to working practice (i.e. coaching practice and coach recruitment) are discussed and highlighted as areas to be addressed. FitC schemes appear to require a process of positive organizational change to increase their effectiveness in strategically attending to the health agenda

Detection Limits for Super-Hubble Suppression of Causal Fluctuations

We investigate to what extent future microwave background experiments might be able to detect a suppression of fluctuation power on large scales in flat and open universe models. Such suppression would arise if fluctuations are generated by causal processes, and a measurement of a small suppression scale would be problematic for inflation models, but consistent with many defect models. More speculatively, a measurement of a suppression scale of the order of the present Hubble radius could provide independent evidence for a fine-tuned inflation model leading to a low-density universe. We find that, depending on the primordial power spectrum, a suppression scale modestly larger than the visible Horizon can be detected, but that the detectability drops very rapidly with increasing scale. For models with two periods of inflation, there is essentially no possibility of detecting a causal suppression scale.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, revtex, In Press Physical Review D 200

Massive stars as thermonuclear reactors and their explosions following core collapse

Nuclear reactions transform atomic nuclei inside stars. This is the process of stellar nucleosynthesis. The basic concepts of determining nuclear reaction rates inside stars are reviewed. How stars manage to burn their fuel so slowly most of the time are also considered. Stellar thermonuclear reactions involving protons in hydrostatic burning are discussed first. Then I discuss triple alpha reactions in the helium burning stage. Carbon and oxygen survive in red giant stars because of the nuclear structure of oxygen and neon. Further nuclear burning of carbon, neon, oxygen and silicon in quiescent conditions are discussed next. In the subsequent core-collapse phase, neutronization due to electron capture from the top of the Fermi sea in a degenerate core takes place. The expected signal of neutrinos from a nearby supernova is calculated. The supernova often explodes inside a dense circumstellar medium, which is established due to the progenitor star losing its outermost envelope in a stellar wind or mass transfer in a binary system. The nature of the circumstellar medium and the ejecta of the supernova and their dynamics are revealed by observations in the optical, IR, radio, and X-ray bands, and I discuss some of these observations and their interpretations.Comment: To be published in " Principles and Perspectives in Cosmochemistry" Lecture Notes on Kodai School on Synthesis of Elements in Stars; ed. by Aruna Goswami & Eswar Reddy, Springer Verlag, 2009. Contains 21 figure

Search for Multimessenger Sources of Gravitational Waves and High-energy Neutrinos with Advanced LIGO during Its First Observing Run, ANTARES, and IceCube

Astrophysical sources of gravitational waves, such as binary neutron star and black hole mergers or core-collapse supernovae, can drive relativistic outflows, giving rise to non-thermal high-energy emission. High-energy neutrinos are signatures of such outflows. The detection of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from common sources could help establish the connection between the dynamics of the progenitor and the properties of the outflow. We searched for associated emission of gravitational waves and high-energy neutrinos from astrophysical transients with minimal assumptions using data from Advanced LIGO from its first observing run O1, and data from the Antares and IceCube neutrino observatories from the same time period. We focused on candidate events whose astrophysical origins could not be determined from a single messenger. We found no significant coincident candidate, which we used to constrain the rate density of astrophysical sources dependent on their gravitational-wave and neutrino emission processes

The search for high-energy neutrinos coincident with fast radio bursts with the ANTARES neutrino telescope

[EN] In the past decade, a new class of bright transient radio sources with millisecond duration has been discovered. The origin of these so-called fast radio bursts (FRBs) is still a mystery, despite the growing observational efforts made by various multiwavelength and multimessenger facilities. To date, many models have been proposed to explain FRBs, but neither the progenitors nor the radiative and the particle acceleration processes at work have been clearly identified. In this paper, we assess whether hadronic processes may occur in the vicinity of the FRB source. If they do, FRBs may contribute to the high-energy cosmic-ray and neutrino fluxes. A search for these hadronic signatures was carried out using the ANTARES neutrino telescope. The analysis consists in looking for high-energy neutrinos, in the TeV-PeV regime, that are spatially and temporally coincident with the detected FRBs. Most of the FRBs discovered in the period 2013-2017 were in the field of view of the ANTARES detector, which is sensitive mostly to events originating from the Southern hemisphere. From this period, 12 FRBs were selected and no coincident neutrino candidate was observed. Upper limits on the per-burst neutrino fluence were derived using a power-law spectrum, dN/DE nu proportional to E-nu(-gamma), for the incoming neutrino flux, assuming spectral indexes gamma = 1.0, 2.0, 2.5. Finally, the neutrino energy was constrained by computing the total energy radiated in neutrinos, assuming different distances for the FRBs. Constraints on the neutrino fluence and on the energy released were derived from the associated null results.The authors acknowledge financial support from the following funding agencies: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs. FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P, (MINECO/FEDER)), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge technical support from Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities.Albert, A.; Andre, M.; Anghinolfi, M.; Anton, G.; Ardid Ramírez, M.; Aubert, J.; Aublin, J.... (2019). The search for high-energy neutrinos coincident with fast radio bursts with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 482(1):184-193. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2621S1841934821Aartsen, M. G., Abbasi, R., Abdou, Y., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., … Bai, X. (2013). First Observation of PeV-Energy Neutrinos with IceCube. Physical Review Letters, 111(2). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.021103Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., … Arlen, T. C. (2015). Atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos above 1 TeV interacting in IceCube. Physical Review D, 91(2). doi:10.1103/physrevd.91.022001Aartsen, M. G., Abraham, K., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., … Archinger, M. (2015). A COMBINED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLUX MEASURED WITH ICECUBE. The Astrophysical Journal, 809(1), 98. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/98Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., … Arlen, T. C. (2015). SEARCH FOR PROMPT NEUTRINO EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY BURSTS WITH ICECUBE. The Astrophysical Journal, 805(1), L5. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/805/1/l5Aartsen, M. G., Abraham, K., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., … Anderson, T. (2016). OBSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A COSMIC MUON NEUTRINO FLUX FROM THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE USING SIX YEARS OF ICECUBE DATA. The Astrophysical Journal, 833(1), 3. doi:10.3847/0004-637x/833/1/3Aartsen, M. G., Ackermann, M., Adams, J., Aguilar, J. A., Ahlers, M., Ahrens, M., … Anderson, T. (2018). A Search for Neutrino Emission from Fast Radio Bursts with Six Years of IceCube Data. The Astrophysical Journal, 857(2), 117. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab4f8Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., … Adya, V. B. (2017). GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral. Physical Review Letters, 119(16). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.119.161101Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., … Adya, V. B. (2017). Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A. The Astrophysical Journal, 848(2), L13. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa920cAdrián-Martínez, S., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., … Aubert, J.-J. (2012). SEARCH FOR COSMIC NEUTRINO POINT SOURCES WITH FOUR YEARS OF DATA FROM THE ANTARES TELESCOPE. The Astrophysical Journal, 760(1), 53. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/760/1/53Adrián-Martínez, S., Ageron, M., Aharonian, F., Aiello, S., Albert, A., Ameli, F., … Anghinolfi, M. (2016). Letter of intent for KM3NeT 2.0. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, 43(8), 084001. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/43/8/084001Ageron, M., Aguilar, J. A., Al Samarai, I., Albert, A., Ameli, F., André, M., … Ardid, M. (2011). ANTARES: The first undersea neutrino telescope. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 656(1), 11-38. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2011.06.103Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J.-J., … Basa, S. (2017). All-sky search for high-energy neutrinos from gravitational wave event GW170104 with the Antares neutrino telescope. The European Physical Journal C, 77(12). doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5451-zAlbert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J.-J., … Basa, S. (2017). First all-flavor neutrino pointlike source search with the ANTARES neutrino telescope. Physical Review D, 96(8). doi:10.1103/physrevd.96.082001Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J.-J., … Basa, S. (2017). Search for high-energy neutrinos from bright GRBs with ANTARES. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 469(1), 906-915. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx902Albert, A., André, M., Anghinolfi, M., Anton, G., Ardid, M., Aubert, J.-J., … Barrios-Martí, J. (2018). All-flavor Search for a Diffuse Flux of Cosmic Neutrinos with Nine Years of ANTARES Data. The Astrophysical Journal, 853(1), L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa4f6Bailes, M., Jameson, A., Flynn, C., Bateman, T., Barr, E. D., Bhandari, S., … Temby, D. (2017). The UTMOST: A Hybrid Digital Signal Processor Transforms the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 34. doi:10.1017/pasa.2017.39Bannister, K. W., Shannon, R. M., Macquart, J.-P., Flynn, C., Edwards, P. G., O’Neill, M., … Clarke, N. (2017). The Detection of an Extremely Bright Fast Radio Burst in a Phased Array Feed Survey. The Astrophysical Journal, 841(1), L12. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa71ffBhandari, S., Keane, E. F., Barr, E. D., Jameson, A., Petroff, E., Johnston, S., … Burke-Spolaor, S. (2017). The SUrvey for Pulsars and Extragalactic Radio Bursts – II. New FRB discoveries and their follow-up. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 475(2), 1427-1446. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx3074Biehl, D., Heinze, J., & Winter, W. (2018). Expected neutrino fluence from short Gamma-Ray Burst 170817A and off-axis angle constraints. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 476(1), 1191-1197. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty285Caleb, M., Flynn, C., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., Bateman, T., Bhandari, S., … Krishnan, V. V. (2016). Fast Radio Transient searches with UTMOST at 843 MHz. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 458(1), 718-725. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw109Caleb, M., Flynn, C., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., Bateman, T., Bhandari, S., … Venkatraman Krishnan, V. (2017). The first interferometric detections of fast radio bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 468(3), 3746-3756. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx638Cao, X.-F., & Yu, Y.-W. (2018). Superconducting cosmic string loops as sources for fast radio bursts. Physical Review D, 97(2). doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.023022Champion, D. J., Petroff, E., Kramer, M., Keith, M. J., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., … Lyne, A. G. (2016). Five new fast radio bursts from the HTRU high-latitude survey at Parkes: first evidence for two-component bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 460(1), L30-L34. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slw069Chatterjee, S., Law, C. J., Wharton, R. S., Burke-Spolaor, S., Hessels, J. W. T., Bower, G. C., … van Langevelde, H. J. (2017). A direct localization of a fast radio burst and its host. Nature, 541(7635), 58-61. doi:10.1038/nature20797Cordes, J. M., & Wasserman, I. (2016). Supergiant pulses from extragalactic neutron stars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 457(1), 232-257. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2948DeLaunay, J. J., Fox, D. B., Murase, K., Mészáros, P., Keivani, A., Messick, C., … Turley, C. F. (2016). DISCOVERY OF A TRANSIENT GAMMA-RAY COUNTERPART TO FRB 131104. The Astrophysical Journal, 832(1), L1. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/832/1/l1Dey, R. K., Ray, S., & Dam, S. (2016). Searching for PeV neutrinos from photomeson interactions in magnetars. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 115(6), 69002. doi:10.1209/0295-5075/115/69002Fahey, S., Kheirandish, A., Vandenbroucke, J., & Xu, D. (2017). A Search for Neutrinos from Fast Radio Bursts with IceCube. The Astrophysical Journal, 845(1), 14. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7e28Falcke, H., & Rezzolla, L. (2014). Fast radio bursts: the last sign of supramassive neutron stars. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 562, A137. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321996Goldstein, A., Preece, R. D., Mallozzi, R. S., Briggs, M. S., Fishman, G. J., Kouveliotou, C., … Burgess, J. M. (2013). THE BATSE 5B GAMMA-RAY BURST SPECTRAL CATALOG. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 208(2), 21. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/21Guetta, D., Hooper, D., Alvarez-Muñiz, J., Halzen, F., & Reuveni, E. (2004). Neutrinos from individual gamma-ray bursts in the BATSE catalog. Astroparticle Physics, 20(4), 429-455. doi:10.1016/s0927-6505(03)00211-1Hümmer, S., Rüger, M., Spanier, F., & Winter, W. (2010). SIMPLIFIED MODELS FOR PHOTOHADRONIC INTERACTIONS IN COSMIC ACCELERATORS. The Astrophysical Journal, 721(1), 630-652. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/721/1/630Hümmer, S., Baerwald, P., & Winter, W. (2012). Neutrino Emission from Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs, Revised. Physical Review Letters, 108(23). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.231101Johnston, S., Taylor, R., Bailes, M., Bartel, N., Baugh, C., Bietenholz, M., … Wolleben, M. (2008). Science with ASKAP. Experimental Astronomy, 22(3), 151-273. doi:10.1007/s10686-008-9124-7Katz, J. I. (2014). Coherent emission in fast radio bursts. Physical Review D, 89(10). doi:10.1103/physrevd.89.103009Keane, E. F., Johnston, S., Bhandari, S., Barr, E., Bhat, N. D. R., Burgay, M., … Bassa, C. (2016). The host galaxy of a fast radio burst. Nature, 530(7591), 453-456. doi:10.1038/nature17140Li, X., Zhou, B., He, H.-N., Fan, Y.-Z., & Wei, D.-M. (2014). MODEL-DEPENDENT ESTIMATE ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN FAST RADIO BURSTS AND ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS. The Astrophysical Journal, 797(1), 33. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/797/1/33Lorimer, D. R., Bailes, M., McLaughlin, M. A., Narkevic, D. J., & Crawford, F. (2007). A Bright Millisecond Radio Burst of Extragalactic Origin. Science, 318(5851), 777-780. doi:10.1126/science.1147532Lyubarsky, Y. (2014). A model for fast extragalactic radio bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, 442(1), L9-L13. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slu046Marcote, B., Paragi, Z., Hessels, J. W. T., Keimpema, A., Langevelde, H. J. van, Huang, Y., … Wharton, R. S. (2017). The Repeating Fast Radio Burst FRB 121102 as Seen on Milliarcsecond Angular Scales. The Astrophysical Journal, 834(2), L8. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/834/2/l8Murase, K., & Nagataki, S. (2006). High energy neutrino emission and neutrino background from gamma-ray bursts in the internal shock model. Physical Review D, 73(6). doi:10.1103/physrevd.73.063002Murase, K., Kashiyama, K., & Mészáros, P. (2016). A burst in a wind bubble and the impact on baryonic ejecta: high-energy gamma-ray flashes and afterglows from fast radio bursts and pulsar-driven supernova remnants. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 461(2), 1498-1511. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1328Murase, K., Mészáros, P., & Fox, D. B. (2017). Fast Radio Bursts with Extended Gamma-Ray Emission? The Astrophysical Journal, 836(1), L6. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/836/1/l6Palaniswamy, D., Wayth, R. B., Trott, C. M., McCallum, J. N., Tingay, S. J., & Reynolds, C. (2014). A SEARCH FOR FAST RADIO BURSTS ASSOCIATED WITH GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. The Astrophysical Journal, 790(1), 63. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/790/1/63Palmer, D. M., Barthelmy, S., Gehrels, N., Kippen, R. M., Cayton, T., Kouveliotou, C., … Tueller, J. (2005). A giant γ-ray flare from the magnetar SGR 1806–20. Nature, 434(7037), 1107-1109. doi:10.1038/nature03525Pen, U.-L., & Connor, L. (2015). LOCAL CIRCUMNUCLEAR MAGNETAR SOLUTION TO EXTRAGALACTIC FAST RADIO BURSTS. The Astrophysical Journal, 807(2), 179. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/807/2/179Petroff, E., Johnston, S., Keane, E. F., van Straten, W., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., … Stappers, B. W. (2015). A survey of FRB fields: limits on repeatability. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 454(1), 457-462. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1953Petroff, E., Bailes, M., Barr, E. D., Barsdell, B. R., Bhat, N. D. R., Bian, F., … Wolf, C. (2014). A real-time fast radio burst: polarization detection and multiwavelength follow-up. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 447(1), 246-255. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2419Petroff, E., Barr, E. D., Jameson, A., Keane, E. F., Bailes, M., Kramer, M., … van Straten, W. (2016). FRBCAT: The Fast Radio Burst Catalogue. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 33. doi:10.1017/pasa.2016.35Ravi, V., & Lasky, P. D. (2014). The birth of black holes: neutron star collapse times, gamma-ray bursts and fast radio bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 441(3), 2433-2439. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu720Ravi, V., Shannon, R. M., & Jameson, A. (2015). A FAST RADIO BURST IN THE DIRECTION OF THE CARINA DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXY. The Astrophysical Journal, 799(1), L5. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/799/1/l5Scholz, P., Spitler, L. G., Hessels, J. W. T., Chatterjee, S., Cordes, J. M., Kaspi, V. M., … Tendulkar, S. P. (2016). THE REPEATING FAST RADIO BURST FRB 121102: MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS AND ADDITIONAL BURSTS. The Astrophysical Journal, 833(2), 177. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/833/2/177Scholz, P., Bogdanov, S., Hessels, J. W. T., Lynch, R. S., Spitler, L. G., Bassa, C. G., … Wharton, R. S. (2017). Simultaneous X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Radio Observations of the Repeating Fast Radio Burst FRB 121102. The Astrophysical Journal, 846(1), 80. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8456Spitler, L. G., Scholz, P., Hessels, J. W. T., Bogdanov, S., Brazier, A., Camilo, F., … Zhu, W. W. (2016). A repeating fast radio burst. Nature, 531(7593), 202-205. doi:10.1038/nature17168Tendulkar, S. P., Bassa, C. G., Cordes, J. M., Bower, G. C., Law, C. J., Chatterjee, S., … Wharton, R. S. (2017). The Host Galaxy and Redshift of the Repeating Fast Radio Burst FRB 121102. The Astrophysical Journal, 834(2), L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/834/2/l7Thornton, D., Stappers, B., Bailes, M., Barsdell, B., Bates, S., Bhat, N. D. R., … van Straten, W. (2013). A Population of Fast Radio Bursts at Cosmological Distances. Science, 341(6141), 53-56. doi:10.1126/science.1236789Totani, T. (2013). Cosmological Fast Radio Bursts from Binary Neutron Star Mergers. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 65(5), L12. doi:10.1093/pasj/65.5.l12Wang, J.-S., Yang, Y.-P., Wu, X.-F., Dai, Z.-G., & Wang, F.-Y. (2016). FAST RADIO BURSTS FROM THE INSPIRAL OF DOUBLE NEUTRON STARS. The Astrophysical Journal, 822(1), L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/822/1/l7Waxman, E., & Bahcall, J. (1997). High Energy Neutrinos from Cosmological Gamma-Ray Burst Fireballs. Physical Review Letters, 78(12), 2292-2295. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.2292Ye, J., Wang, K., & Cai, Y.-F. (2017). Superconducting cosmic strings as sources of cosmological fast radio bursts. The European Physical Journal C, 77(11). doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5319-2Zhang, B. (2013). A POSSIBLE CONNECTION BETWEEN FAST RADIO BURSTS AND GAMMA-RAY BURSTS. The Astrophysical Journal, 780(2), L21. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/l21Zhang, B., & Kumar, P. (2013). Model-Dependent High-Energy Neutrino Flux from Gamma-Ray Bursts. Physical Review Letters, 110(12). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.121101Zhang, B., Xu, R. X., & Qiao, G. J. (2000). Nature and Nurture: a Model for Soft Gamma-Ray Repeaters. The Astrophysical Journal, 545(2), L127-L130. doi:10.1086/317889Zhang, B., Dai, Z. G., Meszaros, P., Waxman, E., & Harding, A. K. (2003). High‐Energy Neutrinos from Magnetars. The Astrophysical Journal, 595(1), 346-351. doi:10.1086/37719