59 research outputs found
Essential Oils as Stress-Reducing Agents for Fish Aquaculture: A Review
In fish, stressful events initiate a hormone cascade along the hypothalamus-pituitaryinterrenal
and hypothalamus-sympathetic-chromaffin (HSC) axis to evoke several
physiological reactions in order to orchestrate and maintain homeostasis. Several biotic
and abiotic factors, as well as aquaculture procedures (handling, transport, or stocking
density), activated stress system inducing negative effects on different physiological
processes in fish (growth, reproduction, and immunity). In order to reduce these
consequences, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from plants has been the focus
of aquaculture studies due to their diverse properties (e.g., anesthetic, antioxidant,
and antimicrobial), which have been shown to reduce biochemical and endocrine
alterations and, consequently, to improve the welfare status. Recently, several studies
have shown that biogenic compounds isolated from different EOs present excellent
biological activities, as well as the nanoencapsulated form of these EOs may potentiate
their effects. Overall, EOs presented less side effects than synthetic compounds, but
their stress-reducing efficacy is related to their chemical composition, concentration or
chemotype used. In addition, their species-specific actions must be clearly established
since they can act as stressors by themselves if their concentrations and chemotypes
used are not suitable. For this reason, it is necessary to assess the effect of these natural
compound mixtures in different fish species, from marine to freshwater, in order to find
the ideal concentration range and the way for their administration to obtain the desired
biological activity, without any undesired side effects. In this review, the main findings
regarding the use of different EOs as stress reducers will be presented to highlight the
most important issues related to their use to improve fish welfare in aquaculture
Efeito preventivo do aleitamento materno exclusivo contra a obesidade infantil: uma revisĂŁo integrativa
O leite materno (LM) Ă© um alimento muito rico e completo e propĂ”e quantidades ideais de nutrientes que o bebĂȘ precisa para o desenvolvimento correto. A OMS recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses e o aleitamento materno complementar por atĂ© dois anos ou mais. O leite humano apresenta inĂșmeros benefĂcios e vantagens em relação a qualquer substituto do leite materno, incluindo a prevenção da obesidade. O objetivo do presente estudo Ă© verificar, a partir da literatura cientĂfica, possĂveis correlaçÔes entre o aleitamento materno (AM) e a diminuição da obesidade infantil em crianças amamentadas exclusivamente com leite materno (LM) atĂ© os 6 meses de idade. Trata-se de uma revisĂŁo integrativa de literatura, onde a coleta de dados deu-se atravĂ©s da busca de estudos cientĂficos atuais de ensaio clĂnico sobre o efeito protetor do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) contra a obesidade infantil. Com base de dados do PubMed e MEDLINE, foram encontrados 20 artigos no total, sendo que da base de dados do PubMed foram utilizados 3 artigos acadĂȘmicos, e da base de dados do MEDLINE foram utilizados 17 artigos acadĂȘmicos, e 4 artigos foram utilizados de maior relevĂąncia para o estudo. Conforme a literatura, a maioria dos artigos abordam alguma relação para eficĂĄcia do aleitamento materno exclusivo na prevenção da obesidade infantil. Podemos concluir que sim, o aleitamento materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses de vida previne a obesidade infantil
Protective effects of diet containing rutin against trichlorfon-induced muscle bioenergetics disruption and impairment on fatty acid profile of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen
Trichlorfon is an organophosphate insecticide that is widely used on fish farms to control parasitic infections. It has been detected in freshwater ecosystems as well as in fishery products. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that certain feed additives may reduce or prevent pesticide-induced toxicity in fish. The aim of the present study was to determine whether acute exposure to trichlorfon would alter bioenergetic homeostasis and alter fatty acid profiles in muscles of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). We also sought to determine whether rutin prevents or reduces these effects. Cytosolic and mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) and activities of complexes II-III and IV in muscle were significantly inhibited by exposure to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h compared to effects in the unexposed group. Total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) were significantly lower in muscle of silver catfish exposed to 11 mg/L trichlorfon for 48 h than in the unexposed group. Addition of 3 mg rutin/kg feed increased CK activity and prevented inhibition of complex IV activity, as well as preventing all alterations of muscle fatty acid profiles elicited by exposure to trichlorfon. No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to muscle adenylate kinase or pyruvate kinase activities, as well as total content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest that exposure (48 h) to 11 mg trichlorfon/L water inhibits cytosolic and mitochondrial CK activity in muscle. Trichlorfon also affects activities of complexes II-III and IV in respiratory chain, with important consequences for adenosine triphosphate production. The pesticide alters fatty acid profiles in the fish and endangers human consumers of the product. The most important finding of the present study is that inclusion of rutin improves bioenergetic homeostasis and muscle fatty acid profiles, suggesting that it reduces trichlorfon-induced muscle damage
Lactato como preditor de gravidade no paciente crĂtico
Objetivo: investigar a literatura acerca do papel do lactato sanguĂneo como marcador prognĂłstico de mortalidade em pacientes graves. MĂ©todo: A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas plataformas de busca LILACS e Pubmed. Foram utilizadas as palavras-chave âlactatoâ, âpaciente graveâ, âmortalidadeâ e âprognĂłsticoâ. As palavras-chaves foram ainda traduzidas para o idioma inglĂȘs da seguinte forma: âlactateâ, âcritical patientâ, âmortalityâ and âprognosisâ. Todas as palavras-chave estĂŁo registradas nos Descritores em CiĂȘncias da SaĂșde (DeCs) e Medical Subject Headings (MeSh). DiscussĂŁo: Em indivĂduos saudĂĄveis, a produção e a metabolização do lactato ocorrem de forma continua em tecidos cerebrais, estomacais, no mĂșsculo esquelĂ©tico e em eritrĂłcitos. Os pacientes com hiperlactatemia persistente (>2mmol/L) por um perĂodo â„72 horas apresentaram maior mortalidade em 90 dias quando comparados aos pacientes com lactato â€2,0 mmol/L e, valores mĂ©dios de lactato ponderado pelo tempo foram maiores em nĂŁo sobreviventes. ConsideraçÔes finais: O manejo de pacientes graves orientados pelo lactato Ă© considerado como um mĂ©todo que pode ser capaz de promover a redução da mortalidade. A hiperlactatemia esteve associada Ă maiores taxas de mortalidade em pacientes gravemente enfermos, especialmente quando acima ou iguais a 5mmol/L no momento da admissĂŁo. Dessa forma, o lactato Ă© um preditor considerado confiĂĄvel e que prediz a gravidade da doença e a falĂȘncia de mĂșltiplos ĂłrgĂŁos
Physiological responses of Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) to anesthesia with essential oils from two different chemotypes of Lippia alba
<i>In vitro</i> antiviral activity of the anti-HCV drugs daclatasvir and sofosbuvir against SARS-CoV-2, the aetiological agent of COVID-19
BackgroundCurrent approaches of drug repurposing against COVID-19 have not proven overwhelmingly successful and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to cause major global mortality. SARS-CoV-2 nsp12, its RNA polymerase, shares homology in the nucleotide uptake channel with the HCV orthologue enzyme NS5B. Besides, HCV enzyme NS5A has pleiotropic activities, such as RNA binding, that are shared with various SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Thus, anti-HCV NS5B and NS5A inhibitors, like sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, respectively, could be endowed with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.MethodsSARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cells, HuH-7 cells, Calu-3 cells, neural stem cells and monocytes were used to investigate the effects of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir. In silico and cell-free based assays were performed with SARS-CoV-2 RNA and nsp12 to better comprehend the mechanism of inhibition of the investigated compounds. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was generated to estimate daclatasvir's dose and schedule to maximize the probability of success for COVID-19.ResultsDaclatasvir inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero, HuH-7 and Calu-3 cells, with potencies of 0.8, 0.6 and 1.1âÎŒM, respectively. Although less potent than daclatasvir, sofosbuvir alone and combined with daclatasvir inhibited replication in Calu-3 cells. Sofosbuvir and daclatasvir prevented virus-induced neuronal apoptosis and release of cytokine storm-related inflammatory mediators, respectively. Sofosbuvir inhibited RNA synthesis by chain termination and daclatasvir targeted the folding of secondary RNA structures in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Concentrations required for partial daclatasvir in vitro activity are achieved in plasma at Cmax after administration of the approved dose to humans.ConclusionsDaclatasvir, alone or in combination with sofosbuvir, at higher doses than used against HCV, may be further fostered as an anti-COVID-19 therapy
COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study
Background:
The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms.
Methods:
International, prospective observational study of 60â109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms.
Results:
âTypicalâ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (â€â18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (â„â70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each Pâ<â0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country.
Interpretation:
This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men
Involvement of purinergic signaling in the Amazon fish Pterygoplichthys pardalis subjected to handling stress: Relationship with immune response
Purine levels and purinergic signaling in plasma and spleen of Brycon amazonicus exposed to acute heat thermal stress: An attempt to regulate the immune response
Ventilatory frequency and anesthetic efficacy in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen: a comparative approach between different essential oils
ABSTRACT This study investigated the efficacy of essential oils of Lippia alba (EOLA) citral chemotype and Lippia origanoides (EOLO) and their effects on ventilatory frequency (VF) of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to 50-300 ÎŒL Lâ1 of EOLA and 25-300 ÎŒL Lâ1 of EOLO to determine induction times to sedation, anesthesia, and recovery. Moreover, VF was determined in fish exposed to 5 or 10 ÎŒL Lâ1 of EOLA and of EOLO for 8 h. The increasing concentration of essential oils proportionally decreased sedation and anesthesia induction times. The highest EOLA concentration increased VF of fish from the control group at 1 h of exposure, but VF decreased at both EOLO concentrations after 2 h. The EOLA citral chemotype and EOLO were effective sedatives and anesthetics for silver catfish. However, EOLO was the most suitable sedative for additional studies regarding fish transport as it reduced VF and did not induce VF increase in silver catfish. The EOLA citral chemotype and EOLO are effective sedatives and anesthetics for silver catfish. Moreover, the EOLO is recommended for transport of silver catfish, because it maintains the ventilatory frequency constant, avoiding a possible metabolic stress
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