The Threat of Capital Drain: A Rationale for Public Banks?

This paper yields a rationale for why subsidized public banks may be desirable from a regional perspective in a financially integrated economy. We present a model with credit rationing and heterogeneous regions in which public banks prevent a capital drain from poorer to richer regions by subsidizing local depositors, for example, through a public guarantee. Under some conditions, cooperative banks can perform the same function without any subsidization; however, they may be crowded out by public banks. We also discuss the impact of the political structure on the emergence of public banks in a political-economy setting and the role of interregional mobility

Observed 1970-2005 cooling of summer daytime temperatures in coastal California

This study evaluated 1950–2005 summer [June–August (JJA)] mean monthly air temperatures for two California air basins: the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) and the San Francisco Bay Area (SFBA). The study focuses on the more rapid post-1970 warming period, and its daily minima temperature Tmin and maxima temperature Tmax values were used to produce average monthly values and spatial distributions of trends for each air basin. Additional analyses included concurrent SSTs, 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) sea level coastal pressure gradients, and GCM-downscaled average temperature Tave values. Results for all 253 California National Weather Service (NWS) Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) sites together showed increased Tave values (0.23°C decade−1); asymmetric warming, as Tmin values increase faster than Tmax values (0.27° versus 0.04°C decade−1) and thus decreased daily temperature range (DTR) values (0.15°C decade−1). The spatial distribution of observed SoCAB and SFBA Tmax values exhibited a complex pattern, with cooling (−0.30°C decade−1) in low-elevation coastal areas open to marine air penetration and warming (0.32°C decade−1) in inland areas. Results also showed that decreased DTR values in the basins arose from small increases at inland sites (0.16°C decade−1) combined with large decreases (−0.58°C decade−1) at coastal sites. It is also possible that some of the current observed temperature trends could be associated with low-frequency decadal variability, expected even with a constant radiative forcing. Previous studies suggest that cooling JJA Tmax values in coastal California were a result of increased irrigation, coastal upwelling, or cloud cover. The current hypothesis is that they arise (as a possible “reverse reaction”) from the global warming of inland areas, which results in increased sea-breeze flow activity. GCM model Tave warming decreased from 0.13°C decade−1 at inland sites to 0.08°C decade−1 in coastal areas. Sea level pressure increased in the Pacific high and decreased in the thermal low. The corresponding gradient thus showed a trend of 0.04 hPa 100 km−1 decade−1, supportive of the hypothesis of increased sea-breeze activity

Incorporating Sub-National Brazilian Agricultural Production and Land-Use into U.S. Biofuel Policy Evaluation

We estimate emissions from indirect land-use change associated with U.S. corn ethanol production by using the updated Center for Agricultural and Rural Development/Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute global agricultural outlook model, which incorporates sub-national land-use modeling in Brazil and endogenous crop yield-price relationships. Emissions estimates range between 9.7–23.9 g CO2 per mega Joule (MJ−1), which is consistent with other estimates. We compare the results of the current model to the 2008 model version. Using the data from the 2016 model in the 2008 model results in emissions that range from 23.2–32.2 g CO2 MJ−1. The addition of detailed modelling in Brazil, for example, double-cropping, reduced estimates considerably and highlights the importance of continuous improvements in global agricultural models

The liquid carbon challenge: evolving views on transportation fuels and climate

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109834/1/wene133.pd

Archivi digitali d\u2019autore: ipotesi di lavoro

Il panel mira ad attraversare su pi\uf9 livelli il tema della conservazione del digitale nativo nell\u2019ambito degli archivi di persona, con particolare riguardo alla conservazione e gestione dei materiali di autori contemporanei. L\u2019intento \ue8 quello di avviare una riflessione condivisa con la comunit\ue0 scientifica su metodologie e strumenti da adottare in questo campo di indagine non del tutto esplorato e ancora carico di criticit\ue0 teoriche e operative. Se \ue8 chiaro ormai che la conservazione degli archivi nativi digitali \ue8 una sfida sempre pi\uf9 importante nei pi\uf9 diversi settori della nostra societ\ue0 (l\u2019ambito della pubblica amministrazione e quello forense sono tra gli esempi pi\uf9 noti), \ue8 altrettanto vero che per gli archivi di persona, nel contesto specifico della produzione letteraria, i casi di studio a nostra disposizione sono ancora sporadici e non sufficienti per individuare del tutto delle buone pratiche. Pare dunque necessario un confronto all\u2019interno della comunit\ue0 scientifica delle DH, non tanto per condividere risultati quanto per illustrare le problematiche maggiori e individuare delle ipotesi di lavoro. Il panel vuole aprirsi al dibattito con un approccio multidisciplinare, cercando di affrontare le questioni archivistiche pi\uf9 importanti relative all\u2019acquisizione e conservazione dei fondi, alla loro archiviazione, gestione e fruizione. Verr\ue0 dato particolare rilievo alla scelta di formati e standard, alla qualit\ue0 dei dati e dei servizi, ai numerosi aspetti critici sotto il profilo giuridico, alla gestione del versioning e agli strumenti per la ricerca e la didattica. Nel corso della sessione saranno esaminate due esperienze italiane: il lavoro sull\u2019archivio ibrido di Massimo Vannucci e il progetto PAD \u2013 Pavia Archivi Digitali, che ha avviato nel 2010 un percorso di sperimentazione su archivi di scrittori contemporanei, perfezionando negli anni alcune strategie per le fasi di preparazione dei conferimenti e acquisizione dei materiali

Regulating Two-Sided Markets: An Empirical Investigation

Two-sided market theory predicts that platforms may subsidize the participation of one type of agent by extracting surplus from another type to internalize indirect network externalities. However, few empirical studies exist to evaluate the impact of government intervention in these markets. We use confidential bank-level data to study the impact of government-encouraged fee reductions for payment card services when merchant acceptance is not complete. We find that consumer and merchant welfare improved when the interchange fees, transfers among banks, were reduced. Furthermore, bank revenues increased because the increase in the number of transactions offset the decrease in the per-transaction revenue

Epidemiological and clinical characterization of community, healthcare-associated and nosocomial colonization and infection due to carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Spain

[Abstract] Background: Community-acquired (CA) and healthcare-associated (HCA) infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are not well characterized. The objective was to provide detailed information about the clinical and molecular epidemiological features of nosocomial, HCA and CA infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp) and Escherichia coli (CP-Ec). Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in 59 Spanish hospitals from February to March 2019, including the first 10 consecutive patients from whom CP-Kp or CP-Ec were isolated. Patients were stratified according to acquisition type. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the impact of acquisition type in 30-day mortality. Results: Overall, 386 patients were included (363 [94%] with CP-Kp and 23 [6%] CP-Ec); in 296 patients (76.3%), the CPE was causing an infection. Acquisition was CA in 31 (8.0%) patients, HCA in 183 (47.4%) and nosocomial in 172 (48.3%). Among patients with a HCA acquisition, 100 (54.6%) had been previously admitted to hospital and 71 (38.8%) were nursing home residents. Urinary tract infections accounted for 19/23 (82.6%), 89/130 (68.5%) and 42/143 (29.4%) of CA, HCA and nosocomial infections, respectively. Overall, 68 infections (23%) were bacteremia (8.7%, 17.7% and 30.1% of CA, HCA and nosocomial, respectively). Mortality in infections was 28% (13%, 14.6% and 42.7% of CA, HCA and nosocomial, respectively). Nosocomial bloodstream infections were associated with increased odds for mortality (adjusted OR, 4.00; 95%CI 1.21-13.19). Conclusions: HCA and CA infections caused by CPE are frequent and clinically significant. This information may be useful for a better understanding of the epidemiology of CPE.Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Sevilla/CBUA. This study was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación): grant PI21CIII/00039 and Personalized and precision medicine grant (MePRAM project, PMP22/00092 funded by NextGeneration EU funds. It was also supported by Plan Nacional de I + D + i 2013–2016, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (grants RD16CIII/0004/0002, RD16/0016/0001, RD16/0016/0003, RD16/0016/0004, RD16/0016/0006, RD16/0016/0007, RD16/0016/0008, RD16/0016/0010, and RD16/0016/0011), co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe,” Operative Program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020, and CIBERINFEC (CB21/13/00095, CB21/13/00012, CB21/13/00049, CB21/13/00054, CB21/13/00055, CB21/13/00068, CB21/13/00081, CB21/13/00084, and CB21/13/00099).Instituto de Salud Carlos III; PI21CIII%2F00039info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/ISCIII/Programa Estatal Para Afrontar las Prioridades de Nuestro Entorno/PMP22%2F00092/ES/La medicina de precisión contra la resistencia a antimicrobianos: Proyecto MePRAMEspaña. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; RD16CIII/0004/0002info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0001/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0003/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0004/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0006/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0007/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0008/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0010/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Programa Estatal de I+D+I Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad/RD16%2F0016%2F0011/ES/RED ESPAÑOLA DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN PATOLOGÍAS INFECCIOSASCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00095Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00012Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00049Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00054Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00055Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00068Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00081Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/00084Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red; CB21/13/0009