The karyotype of three Brazilian Terrarana frogs (Amphibia, Anura) with evidence of a new Barycholos species

A recent substantial rearrangement of the 882 described eleutherodactyline frog species has considerably improved the understanding of their systematics. Nevertheless, many taxonomic aspects of the South American eleutherodactyline species remain unknown and require further investigation using morphological, cytogenetic and molecular approaches. In this work, the karyotypes of the Brazilian species Ischnocnema juipoca (Atibaia and Campos do Jordão, SP), Barycholos cf. ternetzi (Uberlândia, MG, and Porto Nacional, TO), and Pristimantis crepitans (Chapada dos Guimarães and São Vicente, MT) were analyzed using Giemsa staining, Ag-NOR labeling, and C-banding techniques. All individuals had a diploid number of 22 chromosomes, but the Fundamental Numbers were different among species. The herein described low chromosome number of Pristimantis crepitans is unique within this genus, suggesting that cytogenetically this species is not closely related either to its congeneric species or to Ischnocnema. In addition, karyotype differences, mainly in the NOR position, clearly distinguished the two Barycholos populations, besides indicating the existence of a so far undescribed species in this genus. A taxonomic review could clarify the systematic position of P. crepitans and verify the hypothetic new Barycholos species

Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae)

The hylid tribe Cophomantini is a diverse clade of Neotropical treefrogs composed of the genera Aplastodiscus, Boana, Bokermannohyla, Hyloscirtus, and Myersiohyla. The phylogenetic relationships of Cophomantini have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature, providing a suitable framework for the study of chromosome evolution. Employing different banding techniques, we studied the chromosomes of 25 species of Boana and 3 of Hyloscirtus; thus providing, for the first time, data for Hyloscirtus and for 15 species of Boana. Most species showed karyotypes with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes; some species of the B. albopunctata group have 2n = 2x = 22, and H. alytolylax has 2n = 2x = 20. Karyotypes are all bi-armed in most species presented, with the exception of H. larinopygion (FN = 46) and H. alytolylax (FN = 38), with karyotypes that have a single pair of small telocentric chromosomes. In most species of Boana, NORs are observed in a single pair of chromosomes, mostly in the small chromosomes, although in some species of the B. albopunctata, B. pulchella, and B. semilineata groups, this marker occurs on the larger pairs 8, 1, and 7, respectively. In Hyloscirtus, NOR position differs in the three studied species: H. alytolylax (4p), H. palmeri (4q), and H. larinopygion (1p). Heterochromatin is a variable marker that could provide valuable evidence, but it would be necesserary to understand the molecular composition of the C-bands that are observed in different species in order to test its putative homology. In H. alytolylax, a centromeric DAPI+ band was observed on one homologue of chromosome pair 2. The band was present in males but absent in females, providing evidence for an XX/XY sex determining system in this species. We review and discuss the importance of the different chromosome markers (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 patterns) for their impact on the taxonomy and karyotype evolution in Cophomantini

Effects of alirocumab on types of myocardial infarction: insights from the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial

Aims  The third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) Task Force classified MIs into five types: Type 1, spontaneous; Type 2, related to oxygen supply/demand imbalance; Type 3, fatal without ascertainment of cardiac biomarkers; Type 4, related to percutaneous coronary intervention; and Type 5, related to coronary artery bypass surgery. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction with statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors reduces risk of MI, but less is known about effects on types of MI. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in 18 924 patients with recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and elevated LDL-C (≥1.8 mmol/L) despite intensive statin therapy. In a pre-specified analysis, we assessed the effects of alirocumab on types of MI. Methods and results  Median follow-up was 2.8 years. Myocardial infarction types were prospectively adjudicated and classified. Of 1860 total MIs, 1223 (65.8%) were adjudicated as Type 1, 386 (20.8%) as Type 2, and 244 (13.1%) as Type 4. Few events were Type 3 (n = 2) or Type 5 (n = 5). Alirocumab reduced first MIs [hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.95; P = 0.003], with reductions in both Type 1 (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77–0.99; P = 0.032) and Type 2 (0.77, 0.61–0.97; P = 0.025), but not Type 4 MI. Conclusion  After ACS, alirocumab added to intensive statin therapy favourably impacted on Type 1 and 2 MIs. The data indicate for the first time that a lipid-lowering therapy can attenuate the risk of Type 2 MI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction below levels achievable with statins is an effective preventive strategy for both MI types.For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz299</p

Comparative cytogenetics of eight species of Cycloramphus (Anura, Cycloramphidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Several aspects of the biology of Cycloramphus species of the Atlantic Forest are still poorly known, which makes it difficult to understand their historical relationships. Therefore, we were stimulated to promote a comparative cytogenetic analysis of several species of the genus Cycloramphus. The study of Cycloramphus acangatan, C. boraceiensis, C. brasiliensis, C. carvalhoi, C. eleutherodactylus, C. fuliginosus, C. lutzorum, and C. rhyakonastes, revealed that these eight species share a diploid number 2n=26. Cycloramphus fuliginosus presented the most distinct karyotype, due to the presence of subtelocentric chromosomes in pairs 1 and 4. The main diagnostic feature observed in the other species was the presence of one pair of telocentric chromosomes in C. boraceiensis, C. carvalhoi, and C. eleutherodactylus, while the remaining species presented karyotypes composed exclusively of biarmed chromosomes. Constitutive heterochromatin was predominantly located in pericentromeric regions in all species, although additional C-bands detected on telomeric and/or interstitial regions were partially species-specific. Silver staining revealed Ag-NORs located on the pair 6 in six species, whereas C. acangatan presented it on pair 1 and a multiple pattern was observed in C. fuliginosus with three Ag-NOR bearing chromosomes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using rDNA probe was performed in specimens of C. eleutherodactylus from Parana, C. lutzorum, and C. rhyakonastes, which did not reveal inactive NOR. Despite the apparent highly conserved diploid number, data on the karyotype microstructure characterize the cytogenetic profile of the genus and may contribute to clarify the phylogenetic relationships among Cycloramphus, the Cycloramphinae, or even the family Cycloramphidae. (C) 2011 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.2503205214Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundacao Araucaria de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico do Estado do ParanaFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)CNPq [151591/2009-1]FAPESP [2001/05470-8, 2006/01266-0, 2006/56193-8, 2008/50325-5, 2008/52847-9

Mulheres com HIV/AIDS: fragmentos de sua face oculta Mujeres con HIV/AIDS: fragmentos de su faceta oculta Women with HIV/AIDS: fragments of their hidden face

O estudo buscou conhecer fatores geradores do medo que assola as mulheres soropositivas e conseqüências nas relações do cotidiano familiar, do trabalho e do convívio social. O método empregado é de natureza qualitativa. Focalizou mulheres com HIV/AIDS que estão em acompanhamento na Unidade de Saúde do Município de São Leopoldo-RS. A coleta de dados foi por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, atingindo 18 mulheres, de 23 a 55 anos. A discriminação no seio da família e no trabalho e a perda de amigos constituem fator de medo constante e exercem influência no comportamento social das mulheres. O medo está relacionado também com a imagem da mulher e o isolamento social.<br>En el presente trabajo se buscó conocer a los factores generadores del miedo que asola las mujeres seropositivas y a las consecuencias en las relaciones del cotidiano de la familia, del trabajo y del convivio social. El método usado fue de naturaleza cualitativa. Se focalizó en mujeres con HIV/SIDA que están siendo acompañadas en la Unidad de Salud del Municipio de São Leopoldo-RS. La recogida de datos fue a través de entrevista semiestructurada, abarcando 18 mujeres, de 23 a 55 anos. La discriminación en el seno de la familia y en el trabajo y la pérdida de amigos constituyen factor de miedo permanente y ejercen influencia en el comportamiento social de las mujeres. El miedo también está relacionado con la imagen de la mujer y el aislamiento social.<br>The study aimed at determining factors that generate the fear visiting upon HIV-positive women and consequences in routine family, work and social life relations. The method employed is of qualitative nature. Women with HIV/AIDS that were followed at the Health Clinic of São Leopoldo-RS were focused. Data collection was performed by a semi-structured interview, seeking 18 women, from 23 to 55 years old. Discrimination in the family and at the workplace and loss of friends constitute a factor of constant fear and exert an influence on the women's social behavior. The fear is also related to the women's image and social isolation

Characterizing drought stress and trait influence on maize yield under current and future conditions

Global climate change is predicted to increase temperatures, alter geographical patterns of rainfall and increase the frequency of extreme climatic events. Such changes are likely to alter the timing and magnitude of drought stresses experienced by crops. This study used new developments in the classification of crop water stress to first characterize the typology and frequency of drought-stress patterns experienced by European maize crops and their associated distributions of grain yield, and second determine the influence of the breeding traits anthesis-silking synchrony, maturity and kernel number on yield in different drought-stress scenarios, under current and future climates. Under historical conditions, a low-stress scenario occurred most frequently (ca. 40%), and three other stress types exposing crops to late-season stresses each occurred in ca. 20% of cases. A key revelation shown was that the four patterns will also be the most dominant stress patterns under 2050 conditions. Future frequencies of low drought stress were reduced by ca. 15%, and those of severe water deficit during grain filling increased from 18% to 25%. Despite this, effects of elevated CO2 on crop growth moderated detrimental effects of climate change on yield. Increasing anthesis-silking synchrony had the greatest effect on yield in low drought-stress seasonal patterns, whereas earlier maturity had the greatest effect in crops exposed to severe early-terminal drought stress. Segregating drought-stress patterns into key groups allowed greater insight into the effects of trait perturbation on crop yield under different weather conditions. We demonstrate that for crops exposed to the same drought-stress pattern, trait perturbation under current climates will have a similar impact on yield as that expected in future, even though the frequencies of severe drought stress will increase in future. These results have important ramifications for breeding of maize and have implications for studies examining genetic and physiological crop responses to environmental stresses

Percepção das usuárias sobre as ações de Prevenção do Câncer do Colo do Útero na Estratégia Saúde da Família em uma Distrital de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil User perception on the actions of Cervix Cancer Prevention of Family Health Strategy in a Health District of the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJETIVOS: analisar a percepção das mulheres atendidas nas Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), da Área Básica de uma Distrital de Saúde do Município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, sobre as práticas de Prevenção do câncer do colo do útero (PCCU) desenvolvidas nestes serviços. MÉTODOS: utilizou-se como referencial teórico a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo exploratória e descritiva. Foram entrevistadas 14 mulheres. Utilizou-se para coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada, procedendo à análise dos dados, orientados pela análise temática. A análise dos dados foi estruturada em três temas: Temática 1 - O Olhar da Mulher sobre o Processo Saúde-Doença; Temática 2 - A Mulher e a Prevenção do Câncer do Colo do Útero; Temática 3 - As Práticas de Prevenção do Câncer do Colo do Útero nos Núcleos de Saúde da Família. RESULTADOS: a maioria das mulheres envolvidas apresentam um conceito holístico de saúde, tendo inclusive um conhecimento popular bastante elaborado do conceito de prevenção. CONCLUSÕES: as práticas de educação em saúde precisam ser reforçadas a partir da inclusão de toda equipe. As USF têm potencialidades para qualificar a prática da PCCU e promover maior integralidade das ações em saúde, utilizando o conhecimento da APS.<br>OBJECTIVES: to analyze the perception of women seen at the Family Health Units (FHU) of the Basic Health District in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, on the practices of cervix cancer prevention developed by these services. METHODS: a theoretical reference of primary healthcare was utilized. This is a qualitative survey of the exploratory, descriptive type. Fourteen women were interviewed. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection, data analysis oriented by thematic analysis. Data analysis was structured in three themes: Theme 1 - Women's view of the Health-Disease Process; Theme 2 - Women and Cervix Cancer Prevention; Theme 3: Cervix Cancer Prevention in Family Health Centers. RESULTS: the majority of women involved demonstrated a holistic concept of health and a rather elaborate concept of prevention. CONCLUSIONS: education practices in healthcare need to be reinforced based on staff inclusion. Family Health Units have the potential to improve cervix cancer prevention practices and to further integrate primary health care programs