Impact of flight altitude and cover orientation on Digital Surface Model (DSM) accuracy for flood damage assessment in Murcia (Spain) using a fixed-wing UAV

Soil erosion, rapid geomorphological change and vegetation degradation are major threats to the human and natural environment. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) can be used as tools to provide detailed and accurate estimations of landscape change. The effect of flight strategy on the accuracy of UAS image data products, typically a digital surface model (DSM) and orthophoto, is unknown. Herein different flying altitudes (126-235 m) and area coverage orientations (N-S and SW-NE) are assessed in a semi-arid and medium-relief area where terraced and abandoned agricultural fields are heavily damaged by piping and gully erosion. The assessment was with respect to cell size, vertical and horizontal accuracy, absolute difference of DSM, and registration of recognizable landscape features. The results show increasing cell size (5-9 cm) with increasing altitude, and differences between elevation values (10-20 cm) for different flight directions. Vertical accuracy ranged 4-7 cm but showed no clear relationship with flight strategy, whilst horizontal error was stable (2-4 cm) for the different orthophotos. In all data sets, geomorphological features such as piping channels, rills and gullies and vegetation patches could be labeled by a technician. Finally, the datasets have been released in a public repository.</p

Modelización en Geografía Física.-Modelling water and sediment connectivity patterns in a semi-arid landscape

ABSTRACT Desertification is a major threat in SE Spain and mitigation strategies are required to reduce the adverse effect of water-induced erosion on soil production potential. Severity of soil erosion depends on local runoff response and the connectivity of pathways of water and sediment at different spatial scales. We investigated the connectivity between sources and sinks on semi-natural slopes by means of a semi-distributed model that delineated Hydrological Response Units (HRUs) on the basis of physiographic characteristics. The model was calibrated with information at the plot, hillslope and sub-catchment scale covering the period 1995-2008 and validated against larger events that connected the semi-natural sub-catchment with the underlying cultivated slopes. This approach allowed us to define thresholds at which HRUs transform from sink to source and pathways of water and sediment connect at higher spatial scales. The recognition of the spatio-temporal behaviour of HRUs as sources and sinks is essential for the definition of efficient mitigation strategies that reduce erosion by intervening at strategic points within the catchment. The next step is to improve the skill of the model to reproduce erosive events and deposition over a longer period in the past with more variable meteorological and land cover conditions

Strengths and limitations of sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments and relevance for soil restoration

Conférence en ligneGather onlineInternational audienceHigh mountain environments are among the most sensitive on Earth. Due to anthropogenic disturbances and climate change, rates of regolith mobilization due to for example landsliding have been accelerating recently. As a result, soils degrade, geohazards occur and flash floods have negative consequences in downstream areas. The restoration of soils in high mountain environments and an improved understanding of nature-based solutions to land degradation is, therefore, urgent. As finding the origin of erosion sources is a first step to improve mitigation strategies and guide the implementation of effective soil restoration measures, we discuss sediment source fingerprinting research in the context of soil restoration in high mountain environments. A literature review was done based on articles that apply sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments and additional articles on land use-based markers and soil restoration were used to develop an outlook for future research. The application of sediment provenance studies in high mountains environments has been limited so far. While some studies yield a rough distinction between sediment sources based on environmental radionuclides or elemental geochemistry, they cannot reflect multiple semi-natural vegetation types which are relevant source types that should be discriminated in high mountain environments. Therefore, we explore emerging techniques such as eDNA tracing that could potentially refine the information on the provenance of sediment based on land use and cover sources. Then, we will address the challenging hydro-geomorphic environment of high mountains and the implications for designing properly a sediment tracing study in such a context. We will conclude by presenting an outlook to guide future applications of sediment source fingerprinting in high mountain environments, where geohazards are imminent and soil restoration is urgent

Eco- and Ground Bio-engineering: the use of vegetation to improve slope stability

International audienceIn an era where climate change, natural catastrophes and land degradation are major issues, the conservation of soil and vegetation in mountainous or sloping regions has become an international priority. How to avoid substrate mass movement through landslides and erosion using sustainable and ecologically sound techniques is rapidly becoming a scientific domain where knowledge from many different fields is required. These proceedings bring together papers from geotechnical and civil engineers, biologists, ecologists and foresters, who discuss current problems in slope stability research, and how to address those problems using ground bio- and eco-engineering techniques. Ground bioengineering methods integrate civil engineering techniques with natural materials to obtain fast, effective and economic methods of protecting, restoring and maintaining the environment whereas eco-engineering has been defined as a long-term ecological strategy to manage a site with regard to natural or man-made hazards. Studies on slope instability, erosion, soil hydrology, mountain ecology, land use and restoration and how to mitigate these problems using vegetation are presented by both scientists and practitioners. Papers encompass many aspects of this multidisciplinary subject, including the mechanisms and modelling of root reinforcement and the development of decision support systems, areas where significant advances have been made in recent years

How forensic science can lead the way in identifying culprit soil fingerprints in European mountains.

International audienceMountains in Europe are highly valued as they provide diverse living and recreational opportunities and unique landscapes, are key economic assets, and because they are treasures of unique flora and fauna. Their vulnerable environment is, however, threatened by the frequent occurrence of shallow landslides and water erosion which produce large amounts of sediment during floods. The urgency to mitigate natural hazards calls for an improved understanding of how physical and biological dimensions of soil restoration interact. We address this issue by investigating how environmental DNA (eDNA) or DNA of organisms isolated from environmental samples can be used to trace hotspots of soil erosion in the Bastan catchment in the Pyrenees (France). Based on the persistence eDNA from vascular plant litter in soils and sediments, and the possibilities offered by DNA metabarcoding to characterise whole plant communities to the species level, we argue that eDNA can be used as a high-resolution fingerprinting method for identifying and tracing sediment sources. As such, bridging the gaps between physical and biological connectivity features at the catchment scale will allow us to develop tangible soil restoration scenarios which incorporate hazard protection, landscape and biodiversity restoration

Opinion: Using eDNA fingerprinting in high mountain environments to support soil restoration and hazard control

International audienceMitigating erosion, mass movements, and geohazards in high mountains is increasingly conceived within frameworks of ecological restoration, that is, recovering the form and function of ecosystems that have been damaged by degradation (Hubble et al. 2017). From a geomorphological point of view, ecological restoration involves both the prevention and control of slope and riverbank instabilities as well as the confinement of runoff and sediment regimes to the capacity river channels. In this regard, the practice of soil and water bioengineering is rapidly emerging as a short-term hazard control that can enable long-term ecological recovery (Rey et al. 2019). Vegetation, as a chief ecological engineer, is key to soil and water bioengineering applications. However, the application of soil and water bioengineering in high mountains is limited by severe ecological conditions, making plant establishment and ecological recovery times are slow in high mountains (Dupin et al. 2019).While applications of sediment source fingerprinting using for example geochemical or radionuclide soil signatures yield a rough distinction between sediment sources, they cannot reflect the multiple vegetation covers that are relevant source types and should be discriminated in high mountain environments to prioritize restoration works. Vegetation may be the most distinctive feature of high mountains, where the underlying lithology is heterogeneous and soils are mainly shallow and poorly developed. Because there are strong interrelations between land cover and geomorphological processes in high mountain environments (Geertsema and Pojar 2007; Giaccone et al. 2019; Lizaga et al. 2019), the use of land cover-based sediment tracers would be particularly meaningful. eDNA has the highest source discrimination potential in that regard, providing information up to the species level and reflecting changes in vegetation on over short timescales. Furthermore, eDNA signals in sediments will be strongest from areas experiencing higher erosion rates and which are highly connected with the hydrographic network. The use of eDNA sediment source fingerprinting would thus allow the investigation of complex and often poorly understood relationships between vegetation cover, restoration activities, and geomorphological response at the catchment scale.To improve the success rates of restoration activities, collaboration between scientists and stakeholders can accelerate technology transfer rates (Stokes et al. 2014; Giupponi et al. 2019; Rey et al. 2019). However, time and budget constraints often hamper in-situ monitoring of soil and water bioengineering applications, and very few monitoring programs exist (Giupponi et al. 2019). Knowledge of success rates is, however, essential for restoration (Frankl et al. 2021). To this end, sediment source fingerprinting has been shown to provide a valid framework for supporting soil restoration activities (Mukundan et al. 2012). Environmental DNA has already been used to successfully monitor restoration programs, but with a focus on fungal species (Yan et al., 2018). We opinionate that eDNA fingerprinting – as an emerging technique – could be particularly useful to support soil restoration and hazard control in high mountain environments