El Acuerdo de Escazú y los Líderes Sociales en Colombia

Defensores Ambientales ¿Quiénes son? Los Defensores Ambientales (DA) son un tipo de las lideresas y líderes sociales, son individuos u organizaciones que amparan casusas sociales, siendo denunciantes y veedores de la aplicación de las sanciones que merece toda violación a los derechos al territorio y de la naturaleza. Los DA no requieren ejercer su labor de manera remunerada y lo hacen de forma pacífica. Dicha actividad está ligada a su identidad: los DA son aquellos que hacen. Esto implica, ..

L’ARTICULATION DE LA JURIDICTION SPÉCIALE POUR LA PAIX AVEC LA JUSTICE ORDINAIRE EN MATIÈRE D’EXTRADITION : LES ENJEUX POLITIQUES DU CAS JESUS SANTRICH DANS LE CONTEXTE DU POST-CONFLIT COLOMBIEN

L’objectif général de cet article est d’analyser deux cas de conflit de compétence entre l’ordre de juridiction ordinaire et la Juridiction spéciale pour la paix (JEP) en Colombie. Les ordonnances de la Cour constitutionnelle qui tranchent l’affaire offrent des réponses différentes et complémentaires à la demande d’extradition de l’ancien chef de la guérilla des FARC-EP, Seuxis Paucias Hernández Solarte, connu sous l’alias de Jésus Santrich. Le « cas Santrich » permet donc une analyse constitutionnelle de la pratique de l’extradition dans un contexte de post-conflit dans un pays très complexe, tant du point de vue juridico-institutionnel que politique. Finalement, cette analyse nous permet de conclure que le « cas Santrich » montre comment le déroulement d’une procédure d’extradition peut affecter ou porte atteinte à l’avenir de la terminaison effective du conflit, ayant une durée de plus de 50 ans

Comparación de las normatividades en calidad de agua potable latinoamericanas frente a los establecidos por la Organización Mundial para la Salud (OMS)

The regulation that guarantees the sanitation of drinking water is a powerful instrument to protect public health in the global environment. Complete systems of regulation for drinking water streamline compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by making it easier for all people to have equitable and universal access to safe and affordable drinking water. Health and water quality are fundamental for human development and wellbeing. Provide access to health and poverty reduction (“WHO | Water, sanitation and hygiene”, 2017). This document compares the most relevant parameters found in the different regulations on the quality of drinking water or suitable for human consumption in some Latin American and Caribbean countries; in order to make a comparison between the national legislation with respect to the international one.La reglamentación que se garantiza la salubridad del agua potable, es un instrumento enfocado en la protección de la salud pública en el entorno mundial. Los sistemas completos de reglamentación en materia de agua potable permitirán agilizar el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) al facilitar que todas las personas, tengan acceso equitativo y universal a agua potable inocua y asequible. La salubridad y la calidad del agua son fundamentales para el desarrollo y el bienestar humanos. Proporcionar acceso a agua salubre es uno de los instrumentos más eficaces para promover la salud y reducir la pobreza («OMS | Agua, saneamiento e higiene», 2017). Mediante este documento, se comparan los parámetros más relevantes que se encuentran en las diferentes normativas sobre calidad de agua potable o apta para consumo humano de algunos países latinoamericanos y del caribe; con el fin de realizar una comparación entre la legislación nacional con respecto a la internacional

“Comparación de las normatividades en calidad de agua potable latinoamericanas frente a los establecidos por la organización mundial para la salud (OMS)”

La reglamentación por la que se garantiza la salubridad del agua potable es un instrumento poderoso para proteger la salud pública en el entorno mundial. Los sistemas completos de reglamentación en materia de agua potable permitirán agilizar el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) al facilitar que todas las personas tengan acceso equitativo y universal a agua potable inocua y asequible. La salubridad y la calidad del agua son fundamentales para el desarrollo y el bienestar humanos. Proporcionar acceso a agua salubre es uno de los instrumentos más eficaces para promover la salud y reducir la pobreza («OMS | Agua, saneamiento e higiene», 2017). Mediante este documento se comparan los parámetros más relevantes que se encuentran en las diferentes normativas sobre calidad de agua potable o apta para consumo humano de algunos países latinoamericanos y del caribe; con el fin de realizar una comparación entre la legislación nacional con respecto a la internacionalUniversidad Libre Seccional Socorro - Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias AgropecuariasThe regulation that guarantees the sanitation of drinking water is a powerful instrument to protect public health in the global environment. Complete systems of regulation for drinking water streamline compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by making it easier for all people to have equitable and universal access to safe and affordable drinking water. Health and water quality are fundamental for human development and well-being. Provide access to health and poverty reduction ("WHO | Water, sanitation and hygiene", 2017). This document compares the most relevant parameters found in the different regulations on the quality of drinking water or suitable for human consumption in some Latin American and Caribbean countries; in order to make a comparison between the national legislation with respect to the international one

Agromemória em cenários de pós-conflito: usos do solo e café em Aguadas, Pensilvania e Samaná (Caldas, Colômbia)

Purpose: It starts by establishing the implications of the transition of traditional crops (coffee) as a strategy for inhabitants to stay in their territories defending what we have called agro-memory, which implies real work in terms of land use and ecosystem. Methodology: The descriptive methodology used seeks to specify the characteristics of local stakeholders relying on the interview as an interrelation instrument to know the interpretation and variation of land use in what local people recognize as the before, during and after armed conflict. Results: Based on the foregoing, it is inferred that, although local people establish various strategies in order not to be displaced from their territories, obvious territorial transformations, mainly changes in land use, have serious implications for ecosystems and, therefore, for the economic means to decide to stay in the long term. Conclusions: Territorial transformations caused by armed conflict and environmental factors directly impact both socio-cultural referents and traditional production systems of local actors.Propósito: el trabajo parte de establecer las implicaciones de la transición de cultivos de tradición (café) como estrategia de los pobladores para permanecer en sus territorios defendiendo lo que hemos denominado la agromemoria, que implica un trabajo real en términos del uso del suelo y el ecosistema. Metodología: la metodología descriptiva utilizada busca especificar las características de los actores locales apoyándose en la entrevista como instrumento de interrelación para conocer la interpretación y variación en los usos del suelo en lo que la gente local reconoce como el antes, el durante y el después del conflicto armado. Resultados:de lo anterior se infiriere que a pesar de que los pobladores locales establecen diversas estrategias para no ser desplazados de sus territorios, las transformaciones territoriales evidentes principalmente en el cambio de los usos del suelo, tiene serias implicaciones sobre los ecosistemas y por lo tanto en los medios económicos del decidir quedarse a largo plazo. Conclusiones: las transformaciones territoriales generadas por el conflicto armado y por factores de tipo medioambiental impactan de manera directa tanto en los referentes socioculturales como en los sistemas productivos tradicionales de los actores localesPropósito: parte de estabelecer as implicações da transição de lavouras de tradição (café) como estratégia dos povoadores para permanecer em seus territórios defendendo o que denominamos a agromemória, que origina um trabalho real em termos do uso do solo e do ecossistema. Metodologia: a metodologia descritiva utilizada busca especificar as características dos atores locais apoiando-se na entrevista como instrumento de inter-relação para conhecer a interpretação e a variação nos usos do solo e no que a população local reconhece como o antes, o durante e o depois do conflito armado. Resultados: disso, infere-se que, a pesar de a população local estabelecer diversas estratégias para não ser deslocada de seus territórios, as transformações territoriais evidentes, principalmente na mudança dos usos do solo, têm sérias implicações nos ecossistemas e, portanto, nos meios econômicos para que seus habitantes se estabeleçam por longo prazo. Conclusões: as transformações territoriais geradas pelo conflito armado e por fatores ambientais impactam de maneira direta tanto nos referentes socioculturais quanto nos sistemas produtivos tradicionais dos atores locais

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

XVI International Congress of Control Electronics and Telecommunications: "Techno-scientific considerations for a post-pandemic world intensive in knowledge, innovation and sustainable local development"

Este título, sugestivo por los impactos durante la situación de la Covid 19 en el mundo, y que en Colombia lastimosamente han sido muy críticos, permiten asumir la obligada superación de tensiones sociales, políticas, y económicas; pero sobre todo científicas y tecnológicas. Inicialmente, esto supone la existencia de una capacidad de la sociedad colombiana por recuperar su estado inicial después de que haya cesado la perturbación a la que fue sometida por la catastrófica pandemia, y superar ese anterior estado de cosas ya que se encontraban -y aún se encuentran- muchos problemas locales mal resueltos, medianamente resueltos, y muchos sin resolver: es decir, habrá que rediseñar y fortalecer una probada resiliencia social existente - producto del prolongado conflicto social colombiano superado parcialmente por un proceso de paz exitoso - desde la tecnociencia local; como lo indicaba Markus Brunnermeier - economista alemán y catedrático de economía de la Universidad de Princeton- en su libro The Resilient Society…La cuestión no es preveerlo todo sino poder reaccionar…aprender a recuperarse rápido.This title, suggestive of the impacts during the Covid 19 situation in the world, and which have unfortunately been very critical in Colombia, allows us to assume the obligatory overcoming of social, political, and economic tensions; but above all scientific and technological. Initially, this supposes the existence of a capacity of Colombian society to recover its initial state after the disturbance to which it was subjected by the catastrophic pandemic has ceased, and to overcome that previous state of affairs since it was found -and still is find - many local problems poorly resolved, moderately resolved, and many unresolved: that is, an existing social resilience test will have to be redesigned and strengthened - product of the prolonged Colombian social conflict partially overcome by a successful peace process - from local technoscience; As Markus Brunnermeier - German economist and professor of economics at Princeton University - indicates in his book The Resilient Society...The question is not to foresee everything but to be able to react...learn to recover quickly.Bogot

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030