Distribucion del genero Anodontites (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mycetopodidae) en Uruguay

Distribution of the genus Anodontites (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mycetopodidae) in Uruguay. Seven species of the freshwater mussel genus Anodontites were recorded from Uruguay. The populations of these bivalves suffer the negative effects of invasive bivalves, damming, industrial and urban discharges, and agrotoxic runoff. The distribution of these species is generally characterized at the level of basin or politic divisions, and precise geographic records are scarce. In order to detail the distribution of those species, the most representative collections of Uruguay were examined, the material of Anodontites was identified (612 records) and geographic coordenates were assigned at each locality (213 localities), using Geographic Information System (GIS) to obtain a distribution map for each species. Most of the localities with Anodontites were located in the left margin of Uruguay River and southwest of Uruguay, mainly in Soriano, Artigas, Salto and Colonia departments. The Salto Grande basin presented the highest species richness. The species with a highest number of records was A. patagonicus, which was also recorded in all basins. A. trapesialis and A. tenebricosus had a wide distribution and a high number of records. A. lucidus and A. ferrarisii, had a wide distribution (more than 6 basins) but comparatively lower number of records. Finally A. trapezeus and A. trigonus showed a limited distribution. There is a critical lack of samples in Merín Lagoon, Atlantic and Upper Negro River basins. It is necessary to carry out new sampling considering many variables in order to evaluate the current distribution and the ecologic preferences for each species

Simulación y control del equipo de apoyo en tierra para la verificación y chequeo del sistema Rudder Boost de las aeronaves Beechcraft King Air series 200

Por parte de la Escuela de Aviación del Ejército Nacional de Colombia ESAVE, surgió la necesidad de simular un equipo de apoyo en tierra, para verificar el sistema Rudder Boost de las aeronaves King Air Series 200, a través de un lenguaje de programación claro y conciso mostrando funciones claras y óptimas desde un interfaz gráfico, donde su único fin fue integrar un sistema de control digital a partir de un principio de operación neumático, y así lograr llevar a cabo una serie de funciones de operación y pruebas para cumplir con las necesidades requeridas y propuestas en esta simulación Se realizó un caso de estudio sobre los diferentes tipos de Equipos de apoyo en tierra esenciales al momento de realizar el mantenimiento de estas aeronaves, se analizó el funcionamiento del sistema rudder boost, costo beneficio y el procedimiento que se debe llevar a cabo para la verificación y el chequeo según las instrucciones del fabricante, se estudiaron los conceptos previos que fueron fundamentales para la óptima situación de control del equipo de apoyo en tierra, dentro de los cuales se encontraron los principios de funcionamiento de los componentes electroneumáticos. (apartes del texto)As part of the Colombian army aviation school ESAVE, we have determine the need to simulate the GSE rudder boost system, for the king Air 200 Series aircraft, through a concise programming language showing clear and optical functions from a graphical interface, in which its sole purpose is to integrate a digital control system from the beginning of pneumatic operation and achieve a series of operating and testing functions to meet the required and proposed needs in this simulation A case of study was carried out on the different types of essential ground support equipment when performing maintenance on these aircrafts and described as follows, the operation of the rudder boost system, a cost-benefit relation, and the procedure to be carried out as a verification, were analyzed and a follow up according to the manufacturer's instructions. The previous concepts that were fundamental for the optimal control situation of the ground support equipment were studied, within the operating principles of the pneumatic and electro pneumatic components.Fundación Universitaria Los Libertadore

La distribución inequitativa de las tierras agrícolas y la dificultad de acceso a capital, como principales obstáculos para una mayor explotación de la tierra productiva en Colombia.

El objetivo de este documento es evaluar como la distribución inequitativa de las tierras colombianas y la falta de acceso a capital afectan el desarrollo de las prácticas agrícolas del país. El modelo propuesto establece un contexto y una investigación detallada y amplia de la literatura para analizar cada una de las diferentes variables a analizar en la investigación. La metodología que se expone es cualitativa, haciendo entrevistas individuales a 14 personas de las zonas del Magdalena y el Meta, que cuenten con pequeñas, medianas y largas extensiones de tierra. De la misma manera, en el estudio se muestra el diseño de la metodología a utilizar para realizar la investigación y conocer cómo impactan las diferentes variables en el desarrollo de las prácticas agrícolas del país de manera profunda mediante las entrevistas con metodología cualitativas y complementando estudios cuantitativos ya existentes realizados por la UPRA (Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria). De esta forma, buscamos generar un aporte en los datos del país frente este sector y específicamente la problemática ya enunciada, para así poder proponer soluciones adecuadas para generar mayores oportunidades que impacten el sector y consigo el desarrollo del país.Resumen ; Introducción ; Revisión de la literatura ; Metodología de la investigación ; Resultados obtenidos ; Conclusiones ; RecomendacionesAdministrador de EmpresasPregrad

Interacciones entre el mejillón dorado y macroinvertebrados bentónicos nativos del Río Uruguay

Los efectos que Limnoperna fortunei ocasiona sobre los ecosistemas vienen siendo estudiados en los últimos años a nivel nacional. No obstante, las interacciones que este invasor establece con la fauna bentónica nativa no han sido determinadas en detalle. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información sobre las interacciones entre el mejillón dorado y macroinvertebrados nativos del Río Uruguay, a través de (a) relevamiento bibliográfico, (b) registro fotográfico obtenido en campo y (c) análisis de datos de un experimento de colonización realizado previamente en litorales rocosos de este río. Las interacciones reportadas en la bibliografía refirieron mayoritariamente a interacciones directas de biofouling de L. fortunei sobre especies de bivalvos y gasterópodos nativos, con potencial efecto negativo para estos individuos. La documentación fotográfica permitió reportar, por primera vez en la región, una interacción directa de L. fortunei con la familia Spongillidae, mediante la cual estos poríferos cubren y sofocan a mejillones ya asentados. Finalmente, a través del experimento realizado in situ se encontró que el mejillón genera efectos negativos indirectos sobre algunos macroinvertebrados bentónicos nativos. Según el análisis de datos, una alta abundancia de mejillones asentados se relaciona con una reducción en las abundancias de dos de los grupos bentónicos nativos dominantes de este río, como son los gasterópodos y dípteros

Interações entre o mexilhão dourado e os macroinvertebrados bentônicos nativos do Rio Uruguai

The ecosystem effects of Limnoperna fortunei have been studied nationally in recent years. However, the interactions that this invader establishes with the native benthic fauna have not been determined in detail. The objective of this study was to collect information on the interactions between the golden mussel and macroinvertebrates native to the Uruguay River, through (a) bibliographic survey, (b) photographic record obtained in the field and (c) analysis of data from an experiment of colonization carried out previously on rocky shores of this river. The interactions reported in the bibliography mainly referred to direct interactions of L. fortunei biofouling on native bivalve and gastropod species, with a potential negative effect for these individuals. The photographic documentation specifically made it possible to report for the first time in the region, a direct interaction of L. fortunei with the Spongillidae family, through which these porifers cover and suffocate already settled mussels. Finally, through the experiment carried out in situ, it was found that the mussel generates indirect negative effects on some native benthic macroinvertebrates. According to the data analysis, a high abundance of settled mussels is related to a reduction in the abundances of two of the dominant native benthic groups of this river, such as gastropods and dipterans.Los efectos que Limnoperna fortunei ocasiona sobre los ecosistemas vienen siendo estudiados en los últimos años a nivel nacional. No obstante, las interacciones que este invasor establece con la fauna bentónica nativa no han sido determinadas en detalle. El objetivo de este estudio fue recopilar información sobre las interacciones entre el mejillón dorado y macroinvertebrados nativos del Río Uruguay, a través de (a) relevamiento bibliográfico, (b) registro fotográfico obtenido en campo y (c) análisis de datos de un experimento de colonización realizado previamente en litorales rocosos de este río. Las interacciones reportadas en la bibliografía refirieron mayoritariamente a interacciones directas de biofouling de L. fortunei sobre especies de bivalvos y gasterópodos nativos, con potencial efecto negativo para estos individuos. La documentación fotográfica permitió reportar, por primera vez en la región, una interacción directa de L. fortunei con la familia Spongillidae, mediante la cual estos poríferos cubren y sofocan a mejillones ya asentados. Finalmente, a través del experimento realizado in situ se encontró que el mejillón genera efectos negativos indirectos sobre algunos macroinvertebrados bentónicos nativos. Según el análisis de datos, una alta abundancia de mejillones asentados se relaciona con una reducción en las abundancias de dos de los grupos bentónicos nativos dominantes de este río, como son los gasterópodos y dípteros.Os efeitos que o Limnoperna fortunei causa nos ecossistemas foram estudados nos últimos anos em nível nacional. No entanto, as interações que este invasor estabelece com a fauna bentônica nativa não foram determinadas em detalhes. O objetivo deste estudo foi coletar informações sobre as interações entre o mexilhão dourado e macroinvertebrados nativos do Rio Uruguai, por meio de (a) levantamento bibliográfico, (b) registro fotográfico obtido em campo e (c) análise de dados de um experimento de colonização realizada anteriormente em costões rochosos deste rio. As interações relatadas na bibliografia referem-se principalmente às interações diretas de L. fortunei bioincrustantes em espécies nativas de bivalves e gastrópodes, com potencial efeito negativo para esses indivíduos. A documentação fotográfica especificamente possibilitou relatar, pela primeira vez na região, uma interação direta de L. fortunei com a família Spongillidae, através da qual esses poríferos cobrem e sufocam mexilhões já assentados. Por fim, por meio do experimento realizado in situ, constatou-se que o mexilhão gera efeitos negativos indiretos sobre alguns macroinvertebrados bentônicos nativos. De acordo com a análise dos dados, uma alta abundância de mexilhões assentados está relacionada a uma redução nas abundâncias de dois grupos bentônicos nativos dominantes deste rio, como gastrópodes e dípteros

Bivalve distribution in hydrographic regions in South America: historical overview and conservation

Based on literature review and malacological collections, 168 native freshwater bivalve and five invasive species have been recorded for 52 hydrographic regions in South America. The higher species richness has been detected in the South Atlantic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Amazon Brazilian hydrographic regions. Presence or absence data were analysed by Principal Coordinate for Phylogeny-Weighted. The lineage Veneroida was more representative in hydrographic regions that are poorer in species and located West of South America. The Mycetopodidae and Hyriidae lineages were predominant in regions that are richest in species toward the East of the continent. The distribution of invasive species Limnoperna fortunei is not related to species richness in different hydrographic regions there. The species richness and its distribution patterns are closely associated with the geological history of the continent. The hydrographic regions present distinct phylogenetic and species composition regardless of the level of richness. Therefore, not only should the richness be considered to be a criterion for prioritizing areas for conservation, but also the phylogenetic diversity of communities engaged in services and functional aspects relevant to ecosystem maintenance. A plan to the management of this fauna according to particular ecological characteristics and human uses of hydrographic regions is needed.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Research priorities for freshwater mussel conservation assessment

Freshwater mussels are declining globally, and effective conservation requires prioritizing research and actions to identify and mitigate threats impacting mussel species. Conservation priorities vary widely, ranging from preventing imminent extinction to maintaining abundant populations. Here, we develop a portfolio of priority research topics for freshwater mussel conservation assessment. To address these topics, we group research priorities into two categories: intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are indicators of organismal or population status, while extrinsic factors encompass environmental variables and threats. An understanding of intrinsic factors is useful in monitoring, and of extrinsic factors are important to understand ongoing and potential impacts on conservation status. This dual approach can guide conservation status assessments prior to the establishment of priority species and implementation of conservation management actions.NF-R was supported by a post-doctoral fellowship (Xunta de Galicia Plan I2C 2017-2020, 09.40.561B.444.0) from the government of the autonomous community of Galicia. BY was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (no. 0409-2016-0022). DLS was supported by the G. E. Hutchinson Chair at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies. AO was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (no. 17-44-290016). SV was funded by European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI- Operacional Competitiveness and Internacionalization Programme, under Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013. NF-R is very grateful to the University of Oklahoma Biological Survey for providing space to work in the U.S. and especially to Vaughn Lab members. Authors are very grateful to Akimasa Hattori, Allan K. Smith, Andrew Roberts, Daniel Graf, David Stagliano, David T. Zanatta, Dirk Van Damme, Ekaterina Konopleva, Emilie Blevins, Ethan Nedeau, Frankie Thielen, Gregory Cope, Heinrich Vicentini, Hugh Jones, Htilya Sereflisan, Ilya Vikhrev, John Pfeiffer, Karen Mock, Mary Seddon, Katharina Stockl, Katarzyna Zajac, Kengo Ito, Marie Capoulade, Marko Kangas, Michael Lange, Mike Davis, Pirkko-Liisa Luhta, Sarina Jepsen, Somsak Panha, Stephen McMurray, G. Thomas Watters, Wendell R. Haag, and Yoko Inui for their valuable contribution in the initial selection and description of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. We also wish to thank Dr. Amanda Bates, Chase Smith, and two anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

The conservation status of the world's freshwater molluscs

With the biodiversity crisis continuing unchecked, we need to establish levels and drivers of extinction risk, and reassessments over time, to effectively allocate conservation resources and track progress towards global conservation targets. Given that threat appears particularly high in freshwaters, we assessed the extinction risk of 1428 randomly selected freshwater molluscs using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, as part of the Sampled Red List Index project. We show that close to one-third of species in our sample are estimated to be threatened with extinction, with highest levels of threat in the Nearctic, Palearctic and Australasia and among gastropods. Threat levels were higher in lotic than lentic systems. Pollution (chemical and physical) and the modification of natural systems (e.g. through damming and water abstraction) were the most frequently reported threats to freshwater molluscs, with some regional variation. Given that we found little spatial congruence between species richness patterns of freshwater molluscs and other freshwater taxa, apart from crayfish, new additional conservation priority areas emerged from our study. We discuss the implications of our findings for freshwater mollusc conservation, the adequacy of a sampled approach and important next steps to estimate trends in freshwater mollusc extinction risk over time

Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mycetopodidae, Anodontites trigonus: southern dispersion in the Uruguay River

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