¿Garantes de la salvaguarda del aragonés? Situación y resultados de la enseñanza del aragonés implementada desde 1997

Uno de los principales retos de la sociedad actual es la adaptacio´n a los nue- vos contextos comunicativos. Este hecho ha derivado en la primaci´a de algunos idiomas in- ternacionales en el a´mbito educativo. Mientras algunos territorios han conseguido que la entrada de estos idiomas no conlleve la desatencio´n a sus lenguas propias, la administracio´n aragonesa todavi´a apuesta por un modelo que prima la lengua castellana y las extranjeras. Interesados por aportar los primeros datos científicos sobre los resultados de la enseñanza del aragone´s, evaluamos la competencia lingu¨i´stica de su alumnado, encontrando el escaso dominio que permite alcanzar el obsoleto modelo actual. One of the main challenges of XXIst society is the adaptation to new communicative contexts. This fact has resulted in a great impulse of the teaching of and in some in- ternational majority languages. Some plurilingual territories have accomplished a balanced situation by the use of the regional and the majority languages as a medium of instruction. Nevertheless, Aragonese government is developing mainly the foreign and the state language teaching. With the purpose of make progress in the results of its teaching, we have evaluated the linguistic competence of Aragonese students. Results have shown the very little competence achieved by students thanks to this obsolete system

Lengua minoritaria y docencia, ¿insatisfacción laboral o síndrome de burnout? Reflexiones de los maestros de aragonés sobre casi dos décadas de su enseñanza en la Educación Infantil y Primaria

El aragonés es una de las lenguas propias de Aragón. A pesar de no ser cooficial en su territorio de uso histórico, una parte de la legislación de la Comunidad lo reconoce como elemento de su patrimonio cultural merecedor de protección y promoción. Sin embargo, tras cumplirse casi 20 años de su entrada en las aulas, ha tenido un desarrollo muy limitado en el ámbito educativo. Este hecho, unido a la inestabilidad de los docentes en las escasas plazas existentes de ‘maestro de aragonés’, nos llevó a cuestionarnos el grado de satisfacción laboral de estos profesionales. Para aportar las primeras claves en un campo de investigación virgen, desarrollamos un estudio de naturaleza cualitativa basado en el análisis sus discursos respecto a: las actitudes lingüísticas de la comunidad educativa, la evolución de sus actitudes como maestros de aragonés, la formación y recursos disponibles para impartir esta enseñanza y las metodologías implementadas. Tras aplicar un muestreo no aleatorio de tipo bola de nieve logramos acceder al testimonio de 15 del total de 17 maestros que han pasado por las plazas de ‘maestro de aragonés’ desde que se introdujo en la enseñanza reglada, en 1997/1998. Analizamos los datos mediante el Método Comparativo Constante, extrayendo temas y categorías sin partir de un instrumento diseñado ad hoc y realizando una revisión teórica de forma paralela al análisis de los datos. Los resultados muestran una situación mayoritaria de insatisfacción laboral en estos maestros, así como la presencia de algunos casos de estrés laboral extremo o burnout. Aragonese is one of the regional languages spoken in Aragon. Although it has not a cooficial status in the territory where it is spoken, there are some laws that recognize its value as one important element of the Aragonese culture. In spite of its arrival at some schools as a subject almost two decades ago, Aragonese teaching has been little developed. This fact, together with the unestable and variable Aragonese teacher corps, took us to question ourselves about the degree of job satisfaction among Aragonese teachers. With the aim of contribute to the knowledge of the situation, we performed a qualitative research study using Grounded Theory analyses. In each interview, we focused on four main themes: attitudes towards Aragonese language and its teaching among the educational community, the evolution of their own attitudes as ''Aragonese language teachers'', the situation with regard to the available training and learning-resources, and the methodologies implemented. We used a non-probability sampling (concretely snowball sampling) because of the small size of the universe we were interested in. We collected the impressions of 15 of the 17 people that have taught Aragonese in the schools of Alto Aragon since 1997/1998. The data were analyzed under grounded theory procedures. We extracted the main topics and also their categories and subcategories directly from the data corpus and we reviewed the literature simultaneously. Our results show that there''s an overall situation of job dissatisfaction among Aragonese language teachers and there also are some clear cases burnout syndrome

Explorando las oportunidades de la lengua minorizada en la escuela. Una investigación cuantitativa sobre actitudes hacia el aragonés

Aragón es una de las comunidades autónomas plurilingües de España. A diferencia de otras comunidades del Estado, en este territorio la protección de las lenguas minoritarias cuenta con una escasa trayectoria, la cual se ha intensificado desde 2015, con la creación de la primera Dirección General de Política Lingüística. Asimismo, en 2018 se cumplen dos décadas de la entrada de la lengua aragonesa en algunas escuelas de la provincia de Huesca. Sin embargo, apenas existen datos sobre la situación y perspectivas de esta lengua minorizada en el ámbito educativo. La investigación que presentamos indaga en los factores que determinan las actitudes hacia el aragonés de las familias del alumnado altoaragonés de educación primaria, así como en el valor que otorgan a la lengua minorizada en el ámbito educativo. Los resultados muestran la presencia de una actitud mayoritaria neutral con tendencia positiva, así como el influjo significativo de variables como la procedencia y el contacto con esta u otras lenguas minoritarias. Aragon is one of the plurilingual regions of Spain. Unlike other regions of the State, in Aragon, the protection of the minority languages has a short trajectory. This protection has been intensified since 2015, when the first regional institution in charge of language planning was created. Furthermore, 2018 marks the 20th aniversary of the introduction of Aragonese language in some schools of Huesca province. Nevertheless, there is still few scientific data about the situation and prospects of this minoritized language in the educational area. Our research is focused on the main factors that determine the attitudes towards Aragonese among the families of primary education children. The results show a neutral attitude with a positive trend towards Aragonese. Moreover, the significant influence of some factors like the provenance and the previous contact with Aragonese or other minority languages has been noted

Exploración de la relación entre la alfabetización familiar, las TIC y la competencia lectoescritora

Desde el enfoque emergente de la alfabetización se hace hincapié en el impacto del ambiente alfabetizador familiar sobre el desarrollo de la lectoescritura. Así, se ha constatado el influjo del nivel socioeconómico y sociocultural de los progenitores en la práctica de actividades alfabetizadoras en el hogar. Actualmente, la socialización de las TIC ofrece nuevos escenarios que precisan de estudios que contemplen esta variable en la investigación sobre la alfabetización familiar. En este trabajo se presenta una herramienta cuantitativa para la medición del grado de alfabetización familiar y de control parental en la exposición infantil a las TIC, así como el nivel percibido por las familias en la competencia lectoescritora de sus hijos/as. Los resultados de la investigación exploratoria realizada con 100 familias avalan la solidez de la herramienta y evidencian el impacto del nivel socioeconómico y académico de los progenitores en las prácticas de alfabetización y en la gestión del acceso y uso de las TIC por sus hijos/as. Además, se encuentran correlaciones positivas entre un ambiente alfabetizador más rico y una mejor gestión parental de las TIC y el nivel percibido por los progenitores en la competencia lectoescritora de sus hijos/as From the emerging literacy theories, the impact of the family environment on literacy acquisition is emphasized. In this sense, several works have reported the influence of the socioeconomic and sociocultural level of parents in the practice of literacy activities at home. The current socialization of information and communication technologies (ICT) offers new contexts that require the development of family literacy research focused on this variable. This work presents a quantitative tool for measuring the degree of family literacy and parental control in children''s exposure to ICT, as well as the competence perceived by families in their children’s literacy skills. The results of the exploratory research carried out with 100 families confirm the strength of the tool. The results also show the impact of the parents'' socioeconomic and academic level on family literacy practices and on the control of access and use of ICT by their children. Furthermore, positive correlations are found between a richer literacy environment and better parental management of ICTs, and also between a richer literacy envirorment and the level perceived by parents in the literacy skills of their children

Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Background Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs. Methods We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000-17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2 center dot 5th and 97 center dot 5th percentiles of those 250 draws. Findings While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage remained below 50% in the majority (62 center dot 6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6 519 000 children (95% UI 5 254 000-7 733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, within-country geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52 230 diarrhoeal deaths (36 910-68 860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average. Interpretation To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers' understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage. Copyright (c) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1�70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6�70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization�s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8�38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8�67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)