Arqueología de San Agustín: pautas de asentamiento en el cañón del río Granates- Saladoblanco

Arqueologia de San Agustín: pautas de asentamiento en el cañón del río Granates- Saladoblanco Héctor Llanos Vargas Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales, Banco de la República, Bogotá, 1988. La región arqueológica de San Agustín se reconoce desde hace muchos años como una de las más importantes en la arqueología de Suramérica. Sobra decir, por supuesto, que tal reconocimiento se debe principalmente a la estatuaria monumental y a las otras manifestaciones del trabajo en piedra, como los sarcófagos monolíticos y los grandes petroglifos. &nbsp

Desatinos y lugares comunes

Arqueología colombiana: visión panorámica. Lucía Rojas de Perdomo. Intermedio Editores/Círculo de Lectores, Santafé de Bogotá, 1995, 374 págs., ilus

Arqueología de salvamento en la vereda de Tajumbina, Municipio de la Cruz (Nariño)

Arqueología de salvamento en la vereda de Tajumbina, Municipio de la Cruz (Nariño) Gilberto Cadavid y Hernán Ordoñez. Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales Uno de los graves problemas de la arqueología colombiana es el saqueo indiscriminado de sitios arqueológicos. La prehistoria que hubiese podido escribirse queda truncada tanto por la ignorancia como por la ambición, y todo ello ante la impotencia del Estado por salvaguardar su patrimonio cultural. A raíz de estas situaciones, Colombia se enfrenta día a día al problema de los hallazgos arqueológicos fortuitos por personas ajenas a la ciencia sin que hasta el momento se haya organizado un sistema científico y administrativo capaz de detener los saqueos, por una parte, y de realizar estudios completos sobre estos materiales y sitios, por otra

Pastos y Quillacingas: dos grupos étnicos en busca de identidad arqueológica

Over the past 20 years the archaeological area of Nariño (Southern Colombia) has been characterized by three main ceramic complexes known as Capulí, Piartal and Tuza. These have been assigned to specific ethnic groups, some of which were still living at the time of the Spanish Conquest in the 16th Century. This paper discusses the problems that arise when a group specific identity is established for a particular kind of pottery on the basis of ethnohistorical data. This data may be pertinent for aboriginal ethnic spatial distribution after the second or third decade of the 16th Century A.D, but may be more fragile when trying to extend it as an explanation of Prehispanic territories. Recent archaeological excavations conducted by the author are presented as evidence that such an association must be reviewed since an important amount of pieces of the Piartal and Tuza complexes have been found to be overlapping in these territories, suggesting that another kind of explanation must be in order.En los últimos 20 años la zona arqueológica de Nariño (sur de Colombia) se ha caracterizado por tres complejos cerámicos principales conocidos como Capulí, Piartal y Tuza. Estos han sido asignados a grupos étnicos específicos, algunos de los cuales todavía vivían en la época de la conquista española en el siglo XVI. En este documento se discuten los problemas que surgen cuando se establece una identidad específica de grupo para un tipo particular de cerámica sobre la base de datos etnohistóricos. Estos datos pueden ser pertinentes para la distribución espacial de las etnias aborígenes después de la segunda o tercera década del siglo XVI d.C., pero pueden ser más frágiles al tratar de ampliarlos como explicación de los territorios prehispánicos. Las recientes excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas por el autor se presentan como prueba de que tal asociación debe ser revisada, ya que se ha encontrado una importante cantidad de piezas de los complejos Piartal y Tuza que se superponen en estos territorios, lo que sugiere que debe estar en orden otro tipo de explicación

Avances de investigación: la momificación indígena en Colombia

Este avance de investigación presenta algunos aspectos de un proyecto interdisciplinario mucho más amplio sobre la momificación en Colombia. Los principales campos dentro de los cuales se desarrolla el trabajo son tres: ( 1) paleodieta y paleonutrición; (2) paleopatologia; (3) etnohistoria e ideología funeraria aborigen. - Dos momias muiscas en el Museo Británico - No. De clasificación del Museo Británico: 1838-11-11-1 - Cronología y breve descripción -No de clasificación del museo Británico: 1842-11-12-1 - Cronología y breve descripción - La investigació

Avances de investigación: Un caso de mucocele del seno frontal en un cráneo de Chiscas, Boyacá

La paleopatología es una ciencia que se concentra en la identificación, descripción y eventual diagnóstico de las enfermedades en el pasado. Su importancia para la arqueología es inmensa, particularmente porque puede suministrar datos relativos a la antigüedad de ciertas enfermedades y, en algunos casos, los efectos que ellas pudieron tener sobre el comportamiento o la dinámica poblacional

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions.The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated.Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented.Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types