Revisiting an IgG Fc Loss-of-Function Experiment: The Role of Complement in HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody b12 Activity

The role of the complement system in HIV-1 immunity and pathogenesis is multifaceted, and an improved understanding of complement activities mediated by HIV-1-specific antibodies has the potential to inform and advance clinical development efforts. A seminal nonhuman primate challenge experiment suggested that complement was dispensable for the protective effect of the early broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) b12, but recent experiments have raised questions about the breadth of circumstances under which this conclusion may hold. Here, we reassess the original observation using Fc variants of IgG1 b12 that enhance complement activity and report that complement fixation on recombinant antigen, virions, and cells and complement-dependent viral and cellular lysis in vitro vary among bnAbs. Specifically, while the clinically significant V3 glycan-specific bnAb 10-1074 demonstrates activity, we found that b12 does not meaningfully activate the classical complement cascade. Consistent with avid engagement by C1q and its complex system of regulatory factors, these results suggest that complement-mediated antibody activities demonstrate a high degree of context dependence and motivate revisiting the role of complement in antibody-mediated prevention of HIV-1 infection by next-generation bnAbs in new translational studies in animal models. IMPORTANCE Given the suboptimal outcome of VRC01 antibody-mediated prevention of HIV-1 infection in its first field trial, means to improve diverse antiviral activities in vivo have renewed importance. This work revisits a loss-of-function experiment that investigated the mechanism of action of b12, a similar antibody, and finds that the reason why complement-mediated antiviral activities were not observed to contribute to protection may be the inherent lack of activity of wild-type b12, raising the prospect that this mechanism may contribute in the context of other HIV-specific antibodies

Elimination of HIV-1-infected cells by broadly neutralizing antibodies.

International audienceThe Fc region of HIV-1 Env-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is required for suppressing viraemia, through mechanisms which remain poorly understood. Here, we identify bNAbs that exert antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in cell culture and kill HIV-1-infected lymphocytes through natural killer (NK) engagement. These antibodies target the CD4-binding site, the glycans/V3 and V1/V2 loops on gp120, or the gp41 moiety. The landscape of Env epitope exposure at the surface and the sensitivity of infected cells to ADCC vary considerably between viral strains. Efficient ADCC requires sustained cell surface binding of bNAbs to Env, and combining bNAbs allows a potent killing activity. Furthermore, reactivated infected cells from HIV-positive individuals expose heterogeneous Env epitope patterns, with levels that are often but not always sufficient to trigger killing by bNAbs. Our study delineates the parameters controlling ADCC activity of bNAbs, and supports the use of the most potent antibodies to clear the viral reservoir

Expression and immunogenicity of the mycobacterial Ag85B/ESAT-6 antigens produced in transgenic plants by elastin-like peptide fusion strategy.

International audienceThis study explored a novel system combining plant-based production and the elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion strategy to produce vaccinal antigens against tuberculosis. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the mycobacterial antigens Ag85B and ESAT-6 fused to ELP (TBAg-ELP) were generated. Purified TBAg-ELP was obtained by the highly efficient, cost-effective, inverse transition cycling (ICT) method and tested in mice. Furthermore, safety and immunogenicity of the crude tobacco leaf extracts were assessed in piglets. Antibodies recognizing mycobacterial antigens were produced in mice and piglets. A T-cell immune response able to recognize the native mycobacterial antigens was detected in mice. These findings showed that the native Ag85B and ESAT-6 mycobacterial B- and T-cell epitopes were conserved in the plant-expressed TBAg-ELP. This study presents the first results of an efficient plant-expression system, relying on the elastin-like peptide fusion strategy, to produce a safe and immunogenic mycobacterial Ag85B-ESAT-6 fusion protein as a potential vaccine candidate against tuberculosis

Modeling the evolution of the neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 variants after several administrations of Bnt162b2

Because SARS-CoV-2 constantly mutates to escape from the immune response, there is a reduction of neutralizing capacity of antibodies initially targeting the historical strain against emerging Variants of Concerns (VoC)s. That is why the measure of the protection conferred by vaccination cannot solely rely on the antibody levels, but also requires to measure their neutralization capacity. Here we used a mathematical model to follow the humoral response in 26 individuals that received up to three vaccination doses of Bnt162b2 vaccine, and for whom both anti-S IgG and neutralisation capacity was measured longitudinally against all main VoCs. Our model could identify two independent mechanisms that led to a marked increase in humoral response over the successive vaccination doses. In addition to the already known increase in IgG levels after each dose, we identified that the neutralization capacity was significantly increased after the third vaccine administration against all VoCs, despite large inter-individual variability. Consequently, the model projects that the mean duration of detectable neutralizing capacity against non-Omicron VoC is between 366 days (Beta variant, 95% Prediction Intervals PI [323; 366]) and 606 days (Alpha variant, 95% PI [555; 638]). Despite a very low protection after three doses, the mean duration of detectable neutralizing capacity against Omicron variants varies between 184 days (BA.5 variant, 95% PI [155; 215]) and 268 days (BA.1 variant, 95% PI [238; 302]). Our model shows the benefit of incorporating the neutralization capacity in the follow-up of patients to better inform on their level of protection against the different SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as their optimal timing of vaccine administration

Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis

Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy

Dendritic Cells from HIV Controllers Have Low Susceptibility to HIV-1 Infection In Vitro but High Capacity to Capture HIV-1 Particles

ANRS CO21 CODEX cohortInternational audienceHIV controllers (HICs), rare HIV-1 infected individuals able to control viral replication without antiretroviral therapy, are characterized by an efficient polyfunctional and cytolytic HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The mechanisms underlying the induction and maintenance of such response in many HICs despite controlled viremia are not clear. Dendritic cells play a crucial role in the generation and reactivation of T cell responses but scarce information is available on those cells in HICs. We found that monocyte derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) from HICs are less permissive to HIV-1 infection than cells from healthy donors. In contrast MDDCs from HICs are particularly efficient at capturing HIV-1 particles when compared to cells from healthy donors or HIV-1 patients with suppressed viral load on antiretroviral treatment. MDDCs from HICs expressed on their surface high levels of syndecan-3, DC-SIGN and MMR, which could cooperate to facilitate HIV-1 capture. The combination of low susceptibility to HIV-1 infection but enhanced capacity to capture particles might allow MDDCs from HICs to preserve their function from the deleterious effect of infection while facilitating induction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by cross-presentation in a context of low viremia

Towards the Establishment of a Porcine Model to Study Human Amebiasis

BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica is an important parasite of the human intestine. Its life cycle is monoxenous with two stages: (i) the trophozoite, growing in the intestine and (ii) the cyst corresponding to the dissemination stage. The trophozoite in the intestine can live as a commensal leading to asymptomatic infection or as a tissue invasive form producing mucosal ulcers and liver abscesses. There is no animal model mimicking the whole disease cycle. Most of the biological information on E. histolytica has been obtained from trophozoite adapted to axenic culture. The reproduction of intestinal amebiasis in an animal model is difficult while for liver amebiasis there are well-described rodent models. During this study, we worked on the assessment of pigs as a new potential model to study amebiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We first co-cultured trophozoites of E. histolytica with porcine colonic fragments and observed a disruption of the mucosal architecture. Then, we showed that outbred pigs can be used to reproduce some lesions associated with human amebiasis. A detailed analysis was performed using a washed closed-jejunal loops model. In loops inoculated with virulent amebas a severe acute ulcerative jejunitis was observed with large hemorrhagic lesions 14 days post-inoculation associated with the presence of the trophozoites in the depth of the mucosa in two out four animals. Furthermore, typical large sized hepatic abscesses were observed in the liver of one animal 7 days post-injection in the portal vein and the liver parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS: The pig model could help with simultaneously studying intestinal and extraintestinal lesion development

Structural basis for broad HIV-1 neutralization by the MPER-specific human broadly neutralizing antibody LN01

Potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are the hallmark of HIV-1 protection by vaccination. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 gp41 fusion protein is targeted by the most broadly reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Here, we examine the structural and molecular mechansims of neutralization by anti-MPER bnAb, LN01, which was isolated from lymph-node-derived germinal center B cells of an elite controller and exhibits broad neutralization breadth. LN01 engages both MPER and the transmembrane (TM) region, which together form a continuous helix in complex with LN01. The tilted TM orientation allows LN01 to interact simultaneously with the peptidic component of the MPER epitope and membrane via two specific lipid binding sites of the antibody paratope. Although LN01 carries a high load of somatic mutations, most key residues interacting with the MPER epitope and lipids are germline encoded, lending support for the LN01 epitope as a candidate for lineage-based vaccine development

Deciphering early type I interferon response and long-term control of viremia in cynomolgus macaque model of AIDS : contribution to HIV pathogenesis

L’infection par le VIH induit une activation immunitaire chronique qui est suspectée d’être un des moteurs de la pathogénèse du SIDA. L’identification des mécanismes de contrôle de cette activation immunitaire, ainsi qu’une meilleure compréhension du contrôle spontané de l’infection chez certains patients, sont des étapes essentielles vers la conception de thérapies innovantes. Nous avons utilisé le modèle d’infection du macaque cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) par le virus de l’immunodéficience simienne (SIV) pour étudier ces deux points fondamentaux de la physiopathologie de l’infection.Il est proposé que l’induction précoce de l’activation immunitaire chronique soit une conséquence de la surexpression des gènes induits par les interférons (ISG) en réponse aux interférons de type I (IFN-I). Ces IFN-I ( et ) sont notamment produits par les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) en réponse aux virus. Notre premier objectif a été d’étudier la dynamique de production des IFN-I et celle des pDC durant l’infection, en parallèle de celle de l’activation immunitaire chronique et de la virémie. Nos résultats montrent que les pDC sont activées dans les tissus et qu’elles sont responsables de la production d’IFN-I observée transitoirement au cours de la primo-infection. La dynamique des pDC (apoptose, activation, renouvellement) entraîne un épuisement de la capacité des pDC à produire de l’IFN-I, qui pourrait rendre compte à la fois de l’altération fonctionnelle des pDC et de l’arrêt de la production d’IFN-I. De manière surprenante, ce contrôle de la production d’IFN-I n’est pas suivi d’un contrôle de la surexpression des ISG, ce qui suggère l’existence d’autres mécanismes inducteurs des ISG et souligne l’origine multifactorielle de l’activation immunitaire chronique.Dans une seconde étude, nous avons analysé l’impact d’une déplétion in vivo des lymphocytes exprimant le CD8 chez des animaux contrôlant spontanément la réplication virale sur le long terme. Quatre des cinq animaux de l’étude n’expriment pas de complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH) précédemment associé au contrôle, et aucun d’entre eux ne présente de forte réponse LT CD8. La déplétion transitoire des cellules CD8 entraîne chez quatre des contrôleurs une augmentation transitoire de la virémie qui se stabilise ensuite à des valeurs similaires aux niveaux pré-déplétion lors du retour des cellules CD8+. Un de ces animaux contrôle sa virémie avant la restauration des LT CD8. Chez le cinquième animal, la déplétion des CD8 n’a pas été accompagnée d’une élévation de virémie. Globalement, le contrôle de la virémie après l’élévation transitoire n’a pas été accompagné d’une augmentation de leur fonction antivirale. En revanche, une expansion et une activation des LT CD4 consécutive à la déplétion des CD8 ont été remarquées et corrélées positivement avec la virémie plasmatique. Ces résultats suggèrent que les réponses LT CD8 ne sont pas les principales responsables du contrôle à long terme de la virémie chez ces animaux. Dans notre modèle, d’autres mécanismes, tels qu’un réservoir de virus limité ou un meilleur contrôle de l’activation immunitaire, semblent participer à ce phénotype de contrôle.En conclusion, ces résultats éclairent la contribution des pDC, des IFN-I et des LT CD8 dans la physiopathologie du VIH, et permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle d’étude des mécanismes immunologiques précoces mis en place chez les patients contrôleurs de la virémie à long terme.HIV infection induces a chronic immune activation, which is suspected to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Identifying control mechanisms of this immune activation, and a better understanding of the spontaneous control observed in some patients, are essential steps towards the development of innovative therapies. We used the model of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to study these two fundamental fields of HIV pathogenesis.It is proposed that early induction of chronic immune activation is a consequence of an interferon-induced genes (ISG) overexpression in response to type I interferons (IFN-I). These I IFN (α and β) are preferentially produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in response to the virus. Our first objective was to study the dynamics of pDC and IFN-I production during infection, together with chronic immune activation and viremia analysis. Our results indicate that pDCs are activated in tissues and are responsible for the transient IFN-I production observed during primary infection. The dynamics of pDCs (apoptosis, activation, renewal) induces an impaired IFN-I production by pDC, which could account both the functional defect of pDCs and the arrest of IFN-I production. Surprisingly, control of IFN-I production is not followed by down-regulation of ISG, which suggests the existence of other mechanisms that induce ISG and emphasizes the multifactorial origin of chronic immune activation.In a second study, we analyzed the impact of a in vivo CD8 T cells depletion in animals which spontaneously control viral replication in the long term. Importantly, four of the five animals in the study do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) previously associated with control, and none of them display strong CD8 response. The transient depletion of CD8 cells results in four controllers in a transient increase in viremia, which then stabilizes at values similar to pre-depletion levels when CD8+ cells come back. One of these animals controls their viremia before the restoration of CD8. In the fifth animal, CD8 depletion was not followed by a rise in viremia. Overall, the control of viremia after the transient increase was not associated to an increase of the antiviral function of CD8 T cells. In contrast, CD4 T cells expansion and activation were noticed and positively correlated to plasma viremia. These results suggest that CD8 responses are not the main cause of long-term control of viremia in these animals. In our model, other mechanisms, such as smaller reservoir or better control of immune activation, seem to be involved in this controller phenotype.In conclusion, these results shed light on the contribution of pDCs, IFN-I and CD8 T cells in the pathogenesis of HIV, and allow us to propose a new model for studying early immunological mechanisms in HIV controllers

Étude des mécanismes de la réponse interféron de type I précoce et du contrôle à long terme de la virémie dans le modèle d'infection du macaque cynomolgus par le SIV (implications dans la physiopathologie du VIH)

L infection par le VIH induit une activation immunitaire chronique qui est suspectée d être un des moteurs de la pathogénèse du SIDA. L identification des mécanismes de contrôle de cette activation immunitaire, ainsi qu une meilleure compréhension du contrôle spontané de l infection chez certains patients, sont des étapes essentielles vers la conception de thérapies innovantes. Nous avons utilisé le modèle d infection du macaque cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) par le virus de l immunodéficience simienne (SIV) pour étudier ces deux points fondamentaux de la physiopathologie de l infection.Il est proposé que l induction précoce de l activation immunitaire chronique soit une conséquence de la surexpression des gènes induits par les interférons (ISG) en réponse aux interférons de type I (IFN-I). Ces IFN-I ( et ) sont notamment produits par les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) en réponse aux virus. Notre premier objectif a été d étudier la dynamique de production des IFN-I et celle des pDC durant l infection, en parallèle de celle de l activation immunitaire chronique et de la virémie. Nos résultats montrent que les pDC sont activées dans les tissus et qu elles sont responsables de la production d IFN-I observée transitoirement au cours de la primo-infection. La dynamique des pDC (apoptose, activation, renouvellement) entraîne un épuisement de la capacité des pDC à produire de l IFN-I, qui pourrait rendre compte à la fois de l altération fonctionnelle des pDC et de l arrêt de la production d IFN-I. De manière surprenante, ce contrôle de la production d IFN-I n est pas suivi d un contrôle de la surexpression des ISG, ce qui suggère l existence d autres mécanismes inducteurs des ISG et souligne l origine multifactorielle de l activation immunitaire chronique.Dans une seconde étude, nous avons analysé l impact d une déplétion in vivo des lymphocytes exprimant le CD8 chez des animaux contrôlant spontanément la réplication virale sur le long terme. Quatre des cinq animaux de l étude n expriment pas de complexe majeur d histocompatibilité (CMH) précédemment associé au contrôle, et aucun d entre eux ne présente de forte réponse LT CD8. La déplétion transitoire des cellules CD8 entraîne chez quatre des contrôleurs une augmentation transitoire de la virémie qui se stabilise ensuite à des valeurs similaires aux niveaux pré-déplétion lors du retour des cellules CD8+. Un de ces animaux contrôle sa virémie avant la restauration des LT CD8. Chez le cinquième animal, la déplétion des CD8 n a pas été accompagnée d une élévation de virémie. Globalement, le contrôle de la virémie après l élévation transitoire n a pas été accompagné d une augmentation de leur fonction antivirale. En revanche, une expansion et une activation des LT CD4 consécutive à la déplétion des CD8 ont été remarquées et corrélées positivement avec la virémie plasmatique. Ces résultats suggèrent que les réponses LT CD8 ne sont pas les principales responsables du contrôle à long terme de la virémie chez ces animaux. Dans notre modèle, d autres mécanismes, tels qu un réservoir de virus limité ou un meilleur contrôle de l activation immunitaire, semblent participer à ce phénotype de contrôle.En conclusion, ces résultats éclairent la contribution des pDC, des IFN-I et des LT CD8 dans la physiopathologie du VIH, et permettent de proposer un nouveau modèle d étude des mécanismes immunologiques précoces mis en place chez les patients contrôleurs de la virémie à long terme.HIV infection induces a chronic immune activation, which is suspected to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of AIDS. Identifying control mechanisms of this immune activation, and a better understanding of the spontaneous control observed in some patients, are essential steps towards the development of innovative therapies. We used the model of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected by the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to study these two fundamental fields of HIV pathogenesis.It is proposed that early induction of chronic immune activation is a consequence of an interferon-induced genes (ISG) overexpression in response to type I interferons (IFN-I). These I IFN (a and b) are preferentially produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in response to the virus. Our first objective was to study the dynamics of pDC and IFN-I production during infection, together with chronic immune activation and viremia analysis. Our results indicate that pDCs are activated in tissues and are responsible for the transient IFN-I production observed during primary infection. The dynamics of pDCs (apoptosis, activation, renewal) induces an impaired IFN-I production by pDC, which could account both the functional defect of pDCs and the arrest of IFN-I production. Surprisingly, control of IFN-I production is not followed by down-regulation of ISG, which suggests the existence of other mechanisms that induce ISG and emphasizes the multifactorial origin of chronic immune activation.In a second study, we analyzed the impact of a in vivo CD8 T cells depletion in animals which spontaneously control viral replication in the long term. Importantly, four of the five animals in the study do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) previously associated with control, and none of them display strong CD8 response. The transient depletion of CD8 cells results in four controllers in a transient increase in viremia, which then stabilizes at values similar to pre-depletion levels when CD8+ cells come back. One of these animals controls their viremia before the restoration of CD8. In the fifth animal, CD8 depletion was not followed by a rise in viremia. Overall, the control of viremia after the transient increase was not associated to an increase of the antiviral function of CD8 T cells. In contrast, CD4 T cells expansion and activation were noticed and positively correlated to plasma viremia. These results suggest that CD8 responses are not the main cause of long-term control of viremia in these animals. In our model, other mechanisms, such as smaller reservoir or better control of immune activation, seem to be involved in this controller phenotype.In conclusion, these results shed light on the contribution of pDCs, IFN-I and CD8 T cells in the pathogenesis of HIV, and allow us to propose a new model for studying early immunological mechanisms in HIV controllers.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF