Особливості анатомічної будови черешків вічнозелених представників родини Dryopteridaceae Ching

The petiole anatomy of four evergreen ferns of Dryopteridaceae Ching family (Polystichum acrostichoides (Mich.) Schott, P. munitum (Kaulf.) C. Presl, Cyrtomium fortunei J. Smith., Dryopteris varia (L.) O. Kunze) has been studied. The form of petiole transection in D. varia is channeled; in other species it is round. The hypodermal sclerenhyma consists of 7–14 layers of cells, and is about 250 μ thick.Описано будову поперечного перерізу черешків 4 вічнозелених папоротей – інтродуцентів відкритого ґрунту: Polystichum acrostichoides (Mich.) Schott, P. munitum (Kauif.) C. Presl, Cyrtomium fortunei J. Smith., Dryopteris varia (L.) O. Kunze. Форма перерізу у D. varia жолобчаста, у інших – округла. Відзначено суттєвий розвиток гіподермальної склеренхіми, яка складається з 7–14 шарів клітин і досягає у товщину 250 мкм

Thousands of small, novel genes predicted in global phage genomes

Small genes (40,000 small-gene families in ∼2.3 million phage genome contigs. We find that small genes in phage genomes are approximately 3-fold more prevalent than in host prokaryotic genomes. Our approach enriches for small genes that are translated in microbiomes, suggesting the small genes identified are coding. More than 9,000 families encode potentially secreted or transmembrane proteins, more than 5,000 families encode predicted anti-CRISPR proteins, and more than 500 families encode predicted antimicrobial proteins. By combining homology and genomic-neighborhood analyses, we reveal substantial novelty and diversity within phage biology, including small phage genes found in multiple host phyla, small genes encoding proteins that play essential roles in host infection, and small genes that share genomic neighborhoods and whose encoded proteins may share related functions

Jardim sensorial como ferramenta didática e de inclusão

In spite of the importance of Floriculture, Landscaping and Gardening offered as a discipline at Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) – Campus Rio do Sul, it seems to be clear that  many students may not develop much interest in its contents since, from their point of view, getting such knowledge is considered not important for the development of neither professional nor academic life. Being convinced that the use of projects and non-formal spaces in the educational development process can help to arouse students’ interest in such content, we decided to implement a sensory garden as a tool in the teaching/learning process of students in the first grade of farming course within the discipline of Floriculture, Landscaping and Gardening. After that, we also decided to make it available to students attended by APAE (Association of Parents and Friends of Disabled People). This project obteined positive results since there was students’ awareness on the topic of social inclusion. In addition to that, it is possible to say that there were  commitment and dedication in the planning and collective implementation of the sensory garden. The students evaluated it as being a positive teaching strategy for being outside the traditional teaching environments. Students attended by APAE, who also visited the sensory garden, could experiment intellectual, motor, cognitive, and affective development, showing great enthusiasm in carrying out the activities. That technique has the potential to be used continuously as a tool in the teaching/learning process for all audiences, especially for those with disabilities.Apesar da importância do componente curricular Floricultura, Paisagismo e Jardinagem oferecida no curso Técnico em Agropecuária, integrado ao Ensino Médio no Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC) – Campus Rio do Sul, percebe-se que muitos estudantes não desenvolvem interesse pelos conteúdos dessa disciplina. Isso se manifesta em relatos dos próprios estudantes, nos quais revelam que não acham esses conteúdos importantes para sua vida profissional ou acadêmica. A utilização de projetos e de espaços não formais de ensino no processo educacional podem despertar o interesse dos estudantes pelos conteúdos dos componentes curriculares. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar um jardim sensorial como ferramenta no processo de ensino/aprendizagem dos estudantes do primeiro ano do referido curso, no componente curricular Floricultura, Paisagismo e Jardinagem, e disponibilizar a sua utilização/visitação aos alunos atendidos pela Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE). Os resultados do projeto foram positivos, pois houve, por parte dos estudantes do IFC, sensibilização sobre o tema da inclusão social, além da dedicação no planejamento e implantação coletiva do jardim sensorial. Os estudantes avaliaram como positiva a estratégia de ensino fora do ambiente tradicional. Os alunos atendidos pela APAE, que visitaram o jardim sensorial, apresentaram melhora no desenvolvimento intelectual, motor, cognitivo e socioafetivo, além de demonstrarem grande entusiasmo na realização das atividades. Esta técnica apresenta potencialidade para ser utilizada continuamente como ferramenta no processo de ensino/aprendizado para todos os públicos, em especial, os com deficiência

Métodos de extração de compostos fenólicos da casca melosa do Coffea arábica L.

Brazil leads in coffee production and exportation, as well as being one of the world's largest consumers. Currently, two species predominate in the country's plantations: Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) and Conilon (Coffea canephora). Coffee cultivation generates a significant amount of agro-industrial waste, with approximately 45% of the total weight of coffee beans considered waste, raising concerns about the sustainable management of these by-products. These wastes not only raise environmental concerns but also interest researchers due to their phytochemical composition, particularly phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are chemical substances abundant in the pulp and husk of coffee and possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pharmacological properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the most effective method for extracting phenolic compounds present in the husk of Arabica coffee, including different extraction equipment (shaker agitation and ultrasonic bath), solvents (100% water and 50% ethanol/water), temperatures (25°C and 50°C), and extraction times (12 and 24 hours for shaker extraction and 1 and 2 hours in the ultrasonic bath). For the determination of total phenol content, the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method was used, and the spectrophotometer equipment was set to a wavelength of 750 nm. The results showed that the extraction method using the shaker incubator with an extraction time of 24 hours was the most effective, yielding the highest percentage of total phenolic compounds (387.89 µg phenolic compounds/g extract). Conversely, extractions performed with ultrasound and purified water under the same temperature conditions resulted in lower phenolic content (109.99 µg/g and 134.13 µg/g). These results can be attributed to the efficiency of the shaker incubator in maintaining constant movement and increasing the interaction between the solvent and the phenolic compounds present in the mucilaginous husk. Despite variations in the amounts of total phenols recovered under different conditions, all results were satisfactory. The use of conventional equipment and common solvents proved to be a viable and safe alternative for extracting compounds of interest from coffee processing residues.O Brasil lidera na produção e exportação de café, além de ser um dos maiores consumidores do mundo. Atualmente, duas espécies predominam nas lavouras do país: o Arábica (Coffea arabica L.) e o Conilon (Coffea canephora).  O cultivo do café gera uma quantidade significativa de resíduos agroindustriais, cerca de 45% do peso total dos grãos de café é considerado resíduo, o que levanta questões sobre a gestão sustentável desses subprodutos. Esses resíduos despertam não só preocupações ambientais, mas também interesse de pesquisadores devido à composição fitoquímica, em destaque, os compostos fenólicos. Os compostos fenólicos são substâncias químicas abundantes na polpa e na casca e apresentam propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatórias e farmacológicas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o método mais eficaz para a extração de compostos fenólicos presentes na casca do café arábica, incluindo diferentes equipamentos de extração (agitação em shaker e banho ultrassônico), solventes (água 100% e etanol/água 50%), temperaturas (25°C e 50°C) e tempos de extração (12 e 24 h para extração em shaker e 1 e 2 h no banho ultrassônico). Para a determinação do teor de fenóis totais foi utilizado o método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu e o equipamento espectrofotômetro em comprimento de onda de 750 nm. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que o método de extração utilizando a incubadora shaker como equipamento e tempo de extração de 24 h foram as variáveis mais importantes para obter um maior percentual de compostos fenólicos totais (387,89 µgcompostos fenólicos/gextrato). Em contrapartida, as extrações realizadas com ultrassom e água purificada, sob as mesmas condições de temperatura, resultaram em menores teores de fenólicos (109,99 µg/g e 134,13 µg/g). Os resultados podem ser atribuídos à eficiência da incubadora shaker em manter um movimento constante e aumentar a interação entre o solvente e os compostos fenólicos presentes na casca melosa. Apesar das variações nas quantidades de fenóis totais recuperados sob diferentes condições, todos os resultados foram satisfatórios. O uso de equipamentos convencionais e solventes comuns provou ser uma alternativa viável e segura para a extração de compostos de interesse a partir dos resíduos do processamento do café

Perfurações de poços de petróleo métodos e equipamentos utilizados

To the oil reaches the surface it is necessary to drill a well that do reach the tank and ascend to the surface. The technology involves drilling wells jumped in the last decade, allowing the range of depths unimagined before, above 6,000 m depth. The drilling of wells may be on land (onshore) and offshore (offshore). In the drilling of oil wells are used drilling rigs, which consists of a set of equipment rather complex, with great variety of types. Such probes can be land or sea, as the site of operation.Para que o petróleo chegue à superfície, é necessário perfurar um poço que atinja o reservatório e o faça elevar até a superfície. A tecnologia que envolve a perfuração de poços deu um salto na ultima década, permitindo o alcance de profundidades antes inimaginadas, acima de 6.000 m de profundidade. A perfuração de poços pode ser em terra (onshore) quanto no mar (offshore).Nas atividades de perfuração de poços de petróleo utilizam-se sondas de perfuração, que consiste em um conjunto de equipamentos bastante complexos, existindo grande variedade de tipos. Tais sondas podem ser terrestres ou marítimas, conforme o local de operação

Identifying candidate structured RNAs in CRISPR operons.

Noncoding RNAs with secondary structures play important roles in CRISPR-Cas systems. Many of these structures likely remain undiscovered. We used a large-scale comparative genomics approach to predict 156 novel candidate structured RNAs from 36,111 CRISPR-Cas systems. A number of these were found to overlap with coding genes, including palindromic candidates that overlapped with a variety of Cas genes in type I and III systems. Among these 156 candidates, we identified 46 new models of CRISPR direct repeats and 1 tracrRNA. This tracrRNA model occasionally overlapped with predicted cas9 coding regions, emphasizing the importance of expanding our search windows for novel structure RNAs in coding regions. We also demonstrated that the antirepeat sequence in this tracrRNA model can be used to accurately assign thousands of predicted CRISPR arrays to type II-C systems. This study highlights the importance of unbiased identification of candidate structured RNAs across CRISPR-Cas systems

Identification of over ten thousand candidate structured RNAs in viruses and phages

Structured RNAs play crucial roles in viruses, exerting influence over both viral and host gene expression. However, the extensive diversity of structured RNAs and their ability to act in cis or trans positions pose challenges for predicting and assigning their functions. While comparative genomics approaches have successfully predicted candidate structured RNAs in microbes on a large scale, similar efforts for viruses have been lacking. In this study, we screened over 5 million DNA and RNA viral sequences, resulting in the prediction of 10,006 novel candidate structured RNAs. These predictions are widely distributed across taxonomy and ecosystem. We found transcriptional evidence for 206 of these candidate structured RNAs in the human fecal microbiome. These candidate RNAs exhibited evidence of nucleotide covariation, indicative of selective pressure maintaining the predicted secondary structures. Our analysis revealed a diverse repertoire of candidate structured RNAs, encompassing a substantial number of putative tRNAs or tRNA-like structures, Rho-independent transcription terminators, and potentially cis-regulatory structures consistently positioned upstream of genes. In summary, our findings shed light on the extensive diversity of structured RNAs in viruses, offering a valuable resource for further investigations into their functional roles and implications in viral gene expression and pave the way for a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between viruses and their hosts at the molecular level

Identification of over ten thousand candidate structured RNAs in viruses and phages

Structured RNAs play crucial roles in viruses, exerting influence over both viral and host gene expression. However, the extensive diversity of structured RNAs and their ability to act in cis or trans positions pose challenges for predicting and assigning their functions. While comparative genomics approaches have successfully predicted candidate structured RNAs in microbes on a large scale, similar efforts for viruses have been lacking. In this study, we screened over 5 million DNA and RNA viral sequences, resulting in the prediction of 10,006 novel candidate structured RNAs. These predictions are widely distributed across taxonomy and ecosystem. We found transcriptional evidence for 206 of these candidate structured RNAs in the human fecal microbiome. These candidate RNAs exhibited evidence of nucleotide covariation, indicative of selective pressure maintaining the predicted secondary structures. Our analysis revealed a diverse repertoire of candidate structured RNAs, encompassing a substantial number of putative tRNAs or tRNA-like structures, Rho-independent transcription terminators, and potentially cis-regulatory structures consistently positioned upstream of genes. In summary, our findings shed light on the extensive diversity of structured RNAs in viruses, offering a valuable resource for further investigations into their functional roles and implications in viral gene expression and pave the way for a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between viruses and their hosts at the molecular level