Die mittelniederländische Urkundensprache in Privaturkunden des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts

Während des Mittelalters wird das Lateinische als traditionelle Urkundensprache allmählich von den Volkssprachen verdrängt. Dieser Prozess, der u.a. mit der Entstehung des Bürgertums und dem Erstarken der Städte zusammenhängt, beginnt im Südwesten Europas und setzt sich mit zeitlicher Verzögerung in nördlicher und östlicher Richtung fort. In den Niederlanden erfolgt die Ablösung des Lateins durch das Mittelniederländische während des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Der Prozess der Verschriftlichung des Mittelniederländischen und das Verhältnis von Latein und Volkssprache stehen seit einigen Jahren verstärkt im Interesse der Forschung. Diese Studie untersucht, wie Skribenten bei der Umsetzung der lateinischen Formeln ins Niederländische vorgehen. Wird das Lateinische wörtlich übersetzt? Entwickelt sich eine eigene mittelniederländische Fachsprache? Die Untersuchung von rund 2000 Urkunden zeigt, dass die Skribenten bestimmte Formeln als Vorlage auswählen und sich bei der Übertragung ins Mittelniederländische langsam von den Vorlagen emanzipieren. Trotz des stereotypen Sprachgebrauchs in den Urkunden lassen sich lexikalische und syntaktische Unterschiede feststellen, die durch die regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung der mittelniederländischen Schreibsprache bedingt sind. During the middle ages, Latin gets ousted as the traditional language of record by the vernacular languages in Europe. This process which comes together with the rise of the commonalty and the growing influence of the cities begins in the Southwest of Europe and proceeds northwards and eastwards. In the Low Countries, Latin gets replaced by Middle Dutch during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In recent years, researchers have focused on the introduction of Middle Dutch as a documentary language and the relationship between Latin and the vernacular. This study analyses how scribes transfer Latin formulas into Dutch ones. Are the Latin formulas translated word by word? Is a vernacular documentary language developing? The examination of about 2000 mediaeval charters shows that the scribes select some formulas as a model for their translation and finally emancipate from the Latin model. Although stereotypical language use is common for charters, there are lexical and syntactical differences that are caused by the peculiarities of the different regional written languages

Die mittelniederländische Urkundensprache in Privaturkunden des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts

Während des Mittelalters wird das Lateinische als traditionelle Urkundensprache allmählich von den Volkssprachen verdrängt. Dieser Prozess, der u.a. mit der Entstehung des Bürgertums und dem Erstarken der Städte zusammenhängt, beginnt im Südwesten Europas und setzt sich mit zeitlicher Verzögerung in nördlicher und östlicher Richtung fort. In den Niederlanden erfolgt die Ablösung des Lateins durch das Mittelniederländische während des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts. Der Prozess der Verschriftlichung des Mittelniederländischen und das Verhältnis von Latein und Volkssprache stehen seit einigen Jahren verstärkt im Interesse der Forschung. Diese Studie untersucht, wie Skribenten bei der Umsetzung der lateinischen Formeln ins Niederländische vorgehen. Wird das Lateinische wörtlich übersetzt? Entwickelt sich eine eigene mittelniederländische Fachsprache? Die Untersuchung von rund 2000 Urkunden zeigt, dass die Skribenten bestimmte Formeln als Vorlage auswählen und sich bei der Übertragung ins Mittelniederländische langsam von den Vorlagen emanzipieren. Trotz des stereotypen Sprachgebrauchs in den Urkunden lassen sich lexikalische und syntaktische Unterschiede feststellen, die durch die regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung der mittelniederländischen Schreibsprache bedingt sind. During the middle ages, Latin gets ousted as the traditional language of record by the vernacular languages in Europe. This process which comes together with the rise of the commonalty and the growing influence of the cities begins in the Southwest of Europe and proceeds northwards and eastwards. In the Low Countries, Latin gets replaced by Middle Dutch during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In recent years, researchers have focused on the introduction of Middle Dutch as a documentary language and the relationship between Latin and the vernacular. This study analyses how scribes transfer Latin formulas into Dutch ones. Are the Latin formulas translated word by word? Is a vernacular documentary language developing? The examination of about 2000 mediaeval charters shows that the scribes select some formulas as a model for their translation and finally emancipate from the Latin model. Although stereotypical language use is common for charters, there are lexical and syntactical differences that are caused by the peculiarities of the different regional written languages

Lehrmaterialangebot für den schulischen Nachbarsprachenunterricht. Ein deutsch-niederländischer Vergleich

This paper discusses the differences between teaching Dutch in Germany and German in the Netherlands, while considering the challenges teachers are confronted with, e.g. the lack of appropriate textbooks. In particular, the composition and method of some textbooks for Dutch and German are presented and evaluated with regard to their practicality in the classroom. It is striking that textbooks for German are written in Dutch, and that pupils even have to work out tasks in Dutch and not in the target language, while there is merely one textbook in Germany for school-based teaching, lacking a consideration of school types, age groups, and prior knowledge. Even though the conditions of neighbouring language teaching are particularly diverse, teachers on both sides are in urgent need of more innovative and improved teaching material which ensures that pupils are able to develop and improve their language skills, as well as their intercultural competences.This paper discusses the differences between teaching Dutch in Germany and German in the Netherlands, while considering the challenges teachers are confronted with, e.g. the lack of appropriate textbooks. In particular, the composition and method of some textbooks for Dutch and German are presented and evaluated with regard to their practicality in the classroom. It is striking that textbooks for German are written in Dutch, and that pupils even have to work out tasks in Dutch and not in the target language, while there is merely one textbook in Germany for school-based teaching, lacking a consideration of school types, age groups, and prior knowledge. Even though the conditions of neighbouring language teaching are particularly diverse, teachers on both sides are in urgent need of more innovative and improved teaching material which ensures that pupils are able to develop and improve their language skills, as well as their intercultural competences

Comparing National Stereotypes in different cultures: German in Dutch and Russian language teaching at schools and universities

Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning.Stereotypes, prejudices, hostile images and clichés are different forms of self-images and images of others. This paper establishes stereotypes as a scalable concept to distinguish them from other forms of fixed attributions. It features a comparison of national stereotypes about Germany, the Germans and the German language from a Dutch and Russian perspective and discusses the use of stereotypes in foreign language teaching, which are aimed at culturally reflective learning

Editorial

Editoria

Copy number variants as modifiers of breast cancer risk for BRCA1/BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers

The risk of germline copy number variants (CNVs) in BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers in breast cancer is assessed, with CNVs overlapping SULT1A1 decreasing breast cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers.The contribution of germline copy number variants (CNVs) to risk of developing cancer in individuals with pathogenic BRCA1 or BRCA2 variants remains relatively unknown. We conducted the largest genome-wide analysis of CNVs in 15,342 BRCA1 and 10,740 BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. We used these results to prioritise a candidate breast cancer risk-modifier gene for laboratory analysis and biological validation. Notably, the HR for deletions in BRCA1 suggested an elevated breast cancer risk estimate (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.21), 95% confidence interval (95% CI = 1.09-1.35) compared with non-CNV pathogenic variants. In contrast, deletions overlapping SULT1A1 suggested a decreased breast cancer risk (HR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.91) in BRCA1 pathogenic variant carriers. Functional analyses of SULT1A1 showed that reduced mRNA expression in pathogenic BRCA1 variant cells was associated with reduced cellular proliferation and reduced DNA damage after treatment with DNA damaging agents. These data provide evidence that deleterious variants in BRCA1 plus SULT1A1 deletions contribute to variable breast cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers.Peer reviewe

Polygenic risk scores and breast and epithelial ovarian cancer risks for carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants

Purpose We assessed the associations between population-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) for breast (BC) or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) with cancer risks forBRCA1andBRCA2pathogenic variant carriers. Methods Retrospective cohort data on 18,935BRCA1and 12,339BRCA2female pathogenic variant carriers of European ancestry were available. Three versions of a 313 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BC PRS were evaluated based on whether they predict overall, estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, or ER-positive BC, and two PRS for overall or high-grade serous EOC. Associations were validated in a prospective cohort. Results The ER-negative PRS showed the strongest association with BC risk forBRCA1carriers (hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation = 1.29 [95% CI 1.25-1.33],P = 3x10(-72)). ForBRCA2, the strongest association was with overall BC PRS (HR = 1.31 [95% CI 1.27-1.36],P = 7x10(-50)). HR estimates decreased significantly with age and there was evidence for differences in associations by predicted variant effects on protein expression. The HR estimates were smaller than general population estimates. The high-grade serous PRS yielded the strongest associations with EOC risk forBRCA1(HR = 1.32 [95% CI 1.25-1.40],P = 3x10(-22)) andBRCA2(HR = 1.44 [95% CI 1.30-1.60],P = 4x10(-12)) carriers. The associations in the prospective cohort were similar. Conclusion Population-based PRS are strongly associated with BC and EOC risks forBRCA1/2carriers and predict substantial absolute risk differences for women at PRS distribution extremes.Peer reviewe

Breast and Prostate Cancer Risks for Male BRCA1 and BRCA2 Pathogenic Variant Carriers Using Polygenic Risk Scores

Background: Recent population-based female breast cancer and prostate cancer polygenic risk scores (PRS) have been developed. We assessed the associations of these PRS with breast and prostate cancer risks for male BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variant carriers. Methods: 483 BRCA1 and 1318 BRCA2 European ancestry male carriers were available from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). A 147-single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) prostate cancer PRS (PRSPC) and a 313-SNP breast cancer PRS were evaluated. There were 3 versions of the breast cancer PRS, optimized to predict overall (PRSBC), estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (PRSER-), or ER-positive (PRSER+) breast cancer risk. Results: PRSER+ yielded the strongest association with breast cancer risk. The odds ratios (ORs) per PRSER+ standard deviation estimates were 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] =1.07 to 1.83) for BRCA1 and 1.33 (95% CI = 1.16 to 1.52) for BRCA2 carriers. PRSPC was associated with prostate cancer risk for BRCA1 (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.28 to 2.33) and BRCA2 (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.34 to 1.91) carriers. The estimated breast cancer odds ratios were larger after adjusting for female relative breast cancer family history. By age 85 years, for BRCA2 carriers, the breast cancer risk varied from 7.7% to 18.4% and prostate cancer risk from 34.1% to 87.6% between the 5th and 95th percentiles of the PRS distributions. Conclusions: Population-based prostate and female breast cancer PRS are associated with a wide range of absolute breast and prostate cancer risks for male BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers. These findings warrant further investigation aimed at providing personalized cancer risks for male carriers and informing clinical management.Peer reviewe

De begin- en slotformules in Utrechtse oorkonden uit de dertiende en veertiende eeuw: een vergelijking van Middelnederlandse en Latijnse formuleringen.

In this article, I compare Latin and Middle Dutch formulas in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century charters written in the city of Utrecht. My comparison shows that the vernacular formulas in the opening and closing parts of mediaeval charters have been based on those in Latin charters. The writers use the Latin documents as a model for their vernacular documents. A Middle Dutch norm is in the making. The writers select elements from the available Latin formulas, present creative translations, and develop new formulas. Although many Middle Dutch formulas depend on a Latin model, in some cases an emancipation diverging from the Latin formulas can be observed. Moreover, the variation in the thirteenth-century formulas sharply decreases during the fourteenth century, while the formulas are more and more standardised