Loss and damage livelihood resilience

Climate change Loss and Damage has emerged as a key challenge of the 21st century. This Policy Brief first frames the challenge and then introduces the Resilience Academy, highlighting 5 key insights that both feed the debate and inform action. Finally, it provides 5 recommendations to the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism (WIM ExCom) for its 5-year work plan

Not just for adults! Evaluating the performance of multiple fish passage designs at low-head barriers for the upstream movement of juvenile and adult trout Salmo trutta

1

Pro-B cells sense productive immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangement irrespective of polypeptide production

B-lymphocyte development is dictated by the protein products of functionally rearranged Ig heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes. Ig rearrangement begins in pro-B cells at the IgH locus. If pro-B cells generate a productive allele, they assemble a pre-B cell receptor complex, which signals their differentiation into pre-B cells and their clonal expansion. Pre-B cell receptor signals are also thought to contribute to allelic exclusion by preventing further IgH rearrangements. Here we show in two independent mouse models that the accumulation of a stabilized μH mRNA that does not encode μH chain protein specifically impairs pro-B cell differentiation and reduces the frequency of rearranged IgH genes in a dose-dependent manner. Because noncoding IgH mRNA is usually rapidly degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay machinery, we propose that the difference in mRNA stability allows pro-B cells to distinguish between productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements and that μH mRNA may thus contribute to efficient H chain allelic exclusion

Slavery, emancipation and the creole world view of Jamaican colonists, 1800-1834

Focussing on the early nineteenth century, this article examines the ways in which white slaveholders in Jamaica developed a distinctive local ideology based on the institution of slavery. Whites were in a minority in Jamaican slave society, slaveholding was widespread amongst white settlers, and all white men experienced privileges in a society organised around racialised boundaries of rule. These factors helped to ensure that Jamaican colonists developed a distinctively local, or creole, world view characterised by the defence of slavery and a culture of white male solidarity. However, local slaveholders maintained close links with Britain and were militarily dependent on the metropole. Metropolitan culture influenced their ideology, and Jamaican slaveholders saw themselves as loyal subjects of the British Crown. They were therefore colonial creoles and, in spite of the rise of abolitionism in the metropole, they maintained that their local practices were reconcilable with their status as transplanted Britons. By the 1830s changed circumstances in Britain and Jamaica forced slaveholders to reach a compromise with the British Government and to accept the abolition of slavery, but in spite of the important changes that this entailed, the main features of their creole world view persisted

Comparing Large-Diameter Metal-on-Metal and Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Replacement

Regarding the failure of conventional metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement (THR) in younger active patients, other bearings have been increasingly used, namely, ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) and large-diameter metal-on-metal (MoM) THR, with some advantages. The aim of the study was to compare the large-diameter MoM with CoC THR. Authors retrospectively followed 42 patients (32 hips) with a mean age of 43 years who had a CoC THR and 22 patients (22 hips) with a mean age of 55 years who had MoM THR. The minimum follow-up was 3 years (mean, 3.9 years). The average Harris hip score (HHS) in large-diameter MoM THR was lower (87.59) compared with CoC THR (88.81). Complications were more frequent in large-diameter MoM THR, with four failures: two infections, one pseudotumor, and one acetabular osteolysis, corresponding to a survival rate at 44 months postsurgery of 81.8 %. In the group of CoC THR, one patient was revised because of a femoral head fracture, two patients reported audible squeaking, and osteolysis was not detected. The survival rate for revision at 47 months postsurgery was 97.6 %. Low rate of failures and absence of osteolysis verified with CoC THR appear to be good predictors of longer survival expected with this bearing. Considering the MoM bearing, the high number of failures is similar to other series described in the literature with these implants. The high risk and severity of complications associated with this type of implant does not appear to justify their use despite their potential advantages(undefined