A Dietary Intervention of Bioactive Enriched Foods Aimed at Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Protocol and Results from PATHWAY-27 Pilot Study

Around a quarter of the global adult population have metabolic syndrome (MetS) and therefore increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and diabetes. Docosahexaenoic acid, oat beta-glucan and grape anthocyanins have been shown to be effective in reducing MetS risk factors when administered as isolated compounds, but their effect when administered as bioactive-enriched foods has not been evaluated. Objective: The overall aim of the PATHWAY-27 project was to evaluate the effectiveness of bioactive-enriched food consumption on improving risk factors of MetS. A pilot study was conducted to assess which of five bioactive combinations provided within three different food matrices (bakery, dairy or egg) were the most effective in adult volunteers. The trial also evaluated the feasibility of production, consumer acceptability and gastrointestinal tolerance of the bioactive-enriched food. Method: The study included three monocentric, parallel-arm, double-blind, randomised, dietary intervention trials without a placebo. Each recruiting centre tested the five bioactive combinations within a single food matrix. Results: The study was completed by 167 participants (74 male, 93 female). The results indicated that specific bioactive/matrix combinations have effects on serum triglyceride or HDL-cholesterol level without adverse effects. Conclusion: The study evidenced that bioactive-enriched food offers a promising food-based strategy for MetS prevention, and highlighted the importance of conducting pilot studies

Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events >2 Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases

Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome

To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events42Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases

Conception de photo-électrodes hétérostructurées pour la réaction d'électrolyse de l'eau

La photo-électrolyse de l’eau est une solution innovante pour la production durable de dihydrogène. Pour créer une cellule photoélectrochimique autosuffisante capable de réaliser l'électrolyse de l'eau sans nécessiter d'apport d'énergie externe, le développement de matériaux photo-actifs efficaces au sein d'un unique électrolyte est nécessaire. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié le vanadate de bismuth (BiVO4) comme photoanode pour l'oxydation de l'eau dans des conditions acides où l’optimum d’efficacité des photocathodes est atteint. A ce jour, peu de travaux ont porté sur l’efficacité et la durabilité de ces électrodes en conditions acides. Dans cette étude, nous avons exploré deux approches de synthèse de la photoanode par trempage-retrait : i la chimie sol-gel et ii le dépôt d’une suspension colloïdale. Pour améliorer le photo-courant et la stabilité de l’électrode, nous avons exploré deux stratégies : modifier la structure de BiVO4 en dopant avec du molybdène pour influencer le transport de charge à l'intérieur du matériau, améliorer la réactivité de surface en ajoutant un co-catalyseur cobalt-phosphate. Dans cette dernière approche, nous avons étudié la cinétique de transfert de charge en ajoutant un co-catalyseur à la surface de BiVO4 et la passivation de la surface grâce à une couche ultramince de TiO2. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé une hétérojonction BiVO4-V2O5 en s’inspirant d’une approche de type "brique-mortier", dans laquelle la taille et la structure des particules de BiVO4 sont contrôlées.Photoelectrochemical water-splitting is an innovative solution for sustainable dihydrogen production. To create a self-sustaining photoelectrochemical cell capable of performing water electrolysis without the need for external energy input, the development of efficient photoactive materials within a single electrolyte is essential. In this context we have studied bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) semiconductor as promising photoanode for water oxidation in acidic conditions where photocathodes are efficient. However, little research has been carried out into its effectiveness and durability in an acid environment. In this thesis, we studied the performance of this electrode in an acidic environment by developing two approaches to the manufacture of photoanodes based on dip-coating: i sol-gel chemistry and ii colloidal suspension. To enhance photocurrents and electrode stability, we explored two strategies: modifying the electrode composition by doping it with molybdenum to influence charge transport within the material, and improving surface reactivity by adding a cobalt-phosphate co-catalyst. For the latter, we analysed the charge transfer kinetics with the addition of a co-catalyst and the passivation of the surface with an ultrathin TiO2 layer, obtained by the sol-gel or ALD process. Finally, we synthesized a BiVO4- V2O5 heterojunction based on a ‘brick and mortar’ approach, in which the size and structure of BiVO4 particles are controlled

Conception de photo-électrodes hétérostructurées pour la réaction d'électrolyse de l'eau

Photoelectrochemical water-splitting is an innovative solution for sustainable dihydrogen production. To create a self-sustaining photoelectrochemical cell capable of performing water electrolysis without the need for external energy input, the development of efficient photoactive materials within a single electrolyte is essential. In this context we have studied bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) semiconductor as promising photoanode for water oxidation in acidic conditions where photocathodes are efficient. However, little research has been carried out into its effectiveness and durability in an acid environment. In this thesis, we studied the performance of this electrode in an acidic environment by developing two approaches to the manufacture of photoanodes based on dip-coating: i sol-gel chemistry and ii colloidal suspension. To enhance photocurrents and electrode stability, we explored two strategies: modifying the electrode composition by doping it with molybdenum to influence charge transport within the material, and improving surface reactivity by adding a cobalt-phosphate co-catalyst. For the latter, we analysed the charge transfer kinetics with the addition of a co-catalyst and the passivation of the surface with an ultrathin TiO2 layer, obtained by the sol-gel or ALD process. Finally, we synthesized a BiVO4- V2O5 heterojunction based on a ‘brick and mortar’ approach, in which the size and structure of BiVO4 particles are controlled.La photo-électrolyse de l’eau est une solution innovante pour la production durable de dihydrogène. Pour créer une cellule photoélectrochimique autosuffisante capable de réaliser l'électrolyse de l'eau sans nécessiter d'apport d'énergie externe, le développement de matériaux photo-actifs efficaces au sein d'un unique électrolyte est nécessaire. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié le vanadate de bismuth (BiVO4) comme photoanode pour l'oxydation de l'eau dans des conditions acides où l’optimum d’efficacité des photocathodes est atteint. A ce jour, peu de travaux ont porté sur l’efficacité et la durabilité de ces électrodes en conditions acides. Dans cette étude, nous avons exploré deux approches de synthèse de la photoanode par trempage-retrait : i la chimie sol-gel et ii le dépôt d’une suspension colloïdale. Pour améliorer le photo-courant et la stabilité de l’électrode, nous avons exploré deux stratégies : modifier la structure de BiVO4 en dopant avec du molybdène pour influencer le transport de charge à l'intérieur du matériau, améliorer la réactivité de surface en ajoutant un co-catalyseur cobalt-phosphate. Dans cette dernière approche, nous avons étudié la cinétique de transfert de charge en ajoutant un co-catalyseur à la surface de BiVO4 et la passivation de la surface grâce à une couche ultramince de TiO2. Enfin, nous avons synthétisé une hétérojonction BiVO4-V2O5 en s’inspirant d’une approche de type "brique-mortier", dans laquelle la taille et la structure des particules de BiVO4 sont contrôlées

Création d'un site Internet à destination des propriétaires de carnivores domestiques atteints d'épilepsie primaire

L'épilepsie primaire est une encéphalopathie fréquente chez le chien mais beaucoup plus rare chez le chat. Le diagnostic procède par exclusion des autres causes de crises convulsives, le traitement est adapté au cours du temps en fonction de l'évolution de la maladie. Il n'y a jamais de guérison et une partie essentielle du traitement et du suivi se fait à domicile par le propriétaire. La formation de ce dernier est donc une étape clé dans la réussite du traitement. Ce travail de thèse s'attache à développer un nouvel outil de formation des propriétaires d'animaux atteints d'épilepsie primaire. A travers un site Internet accessible à partir du site de FENVA,ilfournitfacilement des informations concernant la maladie, son diagnostic, ses traitements et les suivis nécessaires. Ce document permet de faire un rappel bibliographique sur lequel s'appuient les données du site, et d'expliquer brièvement la formation du site et sa structure.MAISONS-ALFORT-Ecole Vétérin (940462302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Restauration de la dystrophine par saut d'exons chez le modèle canin GRMD ; Augmentation de la masse musculaire par inhibition de la myostatine (rationnel thérapeutique pour DMD ?)

La dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) est une maladie progressive et sévère qui demeure incurable malgré le développement de différentes stratégies thérapeutiques. Nous avons décidé de travailler sur deux approches innovantes. Notre premier objectif était de mettre au point des outils moléculaires pour une correction post-transcriptionnelle du gène de la dystrophine. La technique du saut d'exon permet de restaurer le cadre de lecture dans le cas de nombreuses mutations et d'obtenir une protéine plus courte mais fonctionnelle. Nous avons obtenu un saut d'exon(s) efficace et stable après une seule administration du vecteur AAV exprimant les séquences anti-sens liées à un petit ARN nucléaire U7. Nos résultats montrent une restauration de la dystrophine fonctionnelle chez le modèle canin GRMD et localement la correction de la dystrophie musculaire. Notre second objectif était d'améliorer le phénotype DMD en augmentant la masse musculaire grâce à la sous-expression de la myostatine et de vérifier une possible amélioration de la régénération musculaire. Nous avons démontré que le propeptide de la myostatine était un agent efficace pour l'accroissement de la masse musculaire et le bénéfice fonctionnel reste à établir dans les modèles dystrophiques murin et canin.Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive devastating disorder that remains incurable in spite of development of different therapeutic strategies. We decided to work on two original approaches. Our first aim was to setup molecular tools for post-transcriptional correction by targeting exon skipping of frequent out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene and obtain a shorter but functional protein. We have achieved persistent exon skipping by a single administration of an AAV vector expressing antisense sequences linked to a modified U7 small nuclear RNA. Our results show the sustained production of functional dystrophin at physiological levels in injected muscles of GRMD dog model and the correction of the muscular dystrophy. Our second aim was to improve the DMD phenotype by increasing the skeletal muscle mass thanks to the down-regulation of myostatin and verify a possible improvement of the muscular regeneration. We have demonstrated that the propeptide of myostatin is an effective agent for increasing muscle mass and the functional benefit continue to be established in dystrophic mouse and dog models.PARIS12-CRETEIL BU Multidisc. (940282102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Energy expenditure is increased in kidney transplant patients.

After kidney transplantation weight gain is associated with adverse effects such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, increased vascular risk and deterioration of graft function. The identification weight gain mechanisms would be helpful to propose preventive strategies. This study addressed energy expenditure (EE) changes after kidney transplantation. Fifteen male patients aged 52.8±1.7 years, transplanted for one to 6 years, non-diabetic and with stable renal function (calculated creatinine clearance, 30–90 ml/min/1.73 m²) were included. They received anticalcineurin drugs but not corticosteroids. Nine healthy volunteers matched for age (54.2±1.9 years) and fat-free mass (FFM) were considered as controls. Body composition, including FFM, was determined by DEXA. EE was measured under controlled conditions (24 hours in calorimetric chambers) during the following activities: sleep, rest, meals, and 2 sessions of 30 min of treadmill walking (4 and 5 km/h). The EE results are expressed per kg of FFM, mean ± SEM. FFM was respectively 62.0±2.3 and 62.3±2.7 kg in patients and controls (NS). EE during sleep was 15% higher in patients than in controls (4.37±0.10 vs. 3.80±0.24 kJ/hour/kg FFM, p<0.05). The 24h-EE also tended to be higher in patients compared to controls (+8%, p=0.057,158.31±3.90 vs. 146.13±4.35 kJ/day/kg FFM). No significant difference was observed between patients and controls for the EE during walking at 4 or 5 km/h, during meals and at rest. In conclusion, in kidney transplant patient weight gain occurs despite hyper-metabolism during sleep and over 24 h. Mechanisms of weight gain therefore possibly involve changes in food intake and/or spontaneous physical activity

Preservation of micronutrients during rapeseed oil refining: A tool to optimize the health value of edible vegetable oils? Rationale and design of the Optim'Oils randomized clinical trial

International audienceNumerous micronutrients naturally abundant in oilseeds prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases by reducing cholesterolemia and oxidative stress. These micronutrients include phytosterols and various antioxidants such as polyphenols, tocopherols and coenzyme Q10/Q9 but most of them are lost during the oilseed oil refining. The main objective of the Optim'Oil project was to modify the processes of oil refining in order to reduce the lost of micronutrients. Two clinical trials (cross-over, monocentric, randomized, double-blind and controlled) were designed to investigate the effect of an optimized rapeseed oil 1) on cardiovascular biomarkers (long-term study) and 2) on oxidative stress parameters (post-prandial study). For the long-term study, 59 volunteers ingested daily 20 g of oil and 22 g of margarine (optimized or standard) for 2 periods of 3 weeks separated by a 3-week wash-out period. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of each period. For the post-prandial study, a sub-group of 16 volunteers came fasted at the laboratory and took 300 mL of a test meal containing 60% of the optimized or standard oils. Blood samples were collected before and during 6 h after the test meal intake. In comparison with the standard oil and margarine, the optimized oil and margarine exhibit as expected an increased content of phytosterol (+ 22%). polyphenols (x11), tocopherols (+ 131%) and coenzyme Q10/Q9 ( + 165%). Overall, conditions of this study were relevant to investigate the effect of the optimized rapeseed oil and margarine on the cardiovascular risk and the oxidative stress. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Postprandial metabolic signatures of milk and yogurt intake in men: effect of age

International audienc