Se masquer à la mi-carême : perspectives de renouveaux communautaires

La communauté acadienne de la région de Chéticamp en Nouvelle-Écosse a conservé la mi-carême, tradition qui a été amenée par les premiers migrants français dans leurs bagages culturels. La mi-carême, exemple d’un transfert culturel de l’Europe à l’Amérique, est une fête qui utilise le pouvoir du masque dans un rituel collectif de dérision. Pendant cette fête le masque protège, libère, garantit l’anonymat, transforme, épouvante et autorise la confusion. Nous voyons des exemples de fêtes semblables au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde, comme la mi-carême au Québec, le Mummering à Terre-Neuve, le mardi gras en Louisiane, dans les Antilles et au Brésil, et le carnaval en Europe. Nous proposons d’explorer les raisons pour lesquelles ces traditions ont pu traverser le temps et l’espace tout en se maintenant et en se renouvelant. Nous regarderons les éléments que ces célébrations ont en commun, comme la nourriture, la boisson, la musique, la chanson, la danse et le masque. L’étude des changements et de la continuité de ces traditions nous amène à conclure que ces fêtes ont su résister parce qu’elles permettent une ouverture à l’imagination et à la créativité. Cette ouverture permet aux groupes de répondre à certains besoins universels de l’être humain. De plus, ces groupes ont su partager ces expériences de dérision et de célébration communautaire dans le cadre du phénomène du tourisme culturel. Grâce à la force vive de ces fêtes, l’écho puissant du rire du Moyen-Âge vit dans le monde contemporain

Construction d'un paysage identitaire : Grand-Pré et la collectivité acadienne

The article explores the dynamic relation between Grand-Pré National Historic Site and the construction of Acadian identity. It examines three functions of historic sites: tourist attraction, ethnic symbol, and empowerment agent. Several groups can select and appropriate an historic site, often for completely different reasons, to exploit it for their needs and according to their value system. This study shows how using an historic site to affirm group belonging is an ongoing process of negotiation that revolves around the concepts of otherness, identity and reciprocity. Résumé L'article explore la dynamique des rapports entre un lieu historique national, celui de Grand-Pré, en Nouvelle-Ecosse, et un groupe ethnique, les Acadiens, afin d'examiner le rôle joué par cet endroit dans la construction identitaire. L'auteure fait valoir que ce lieu historique possède trois fonctions principales :lieu touristique, symbole ethnique et agent d'habilitation (empowerment! d'un peuple. Un ou plusieurs groupes peuvent sélectionner et s'approprier, en même temps, des lieux historiques pour des raisons complètement différentes. Ils les exploitent selon leurs besoins, les uns comme symbole ethnique, les autres pour le tourisme. Cette étude démontre que l'affirmation de l'identité d'un peuple est un processus dynamique de négociation qui s'articule autour de trois pôles : l'altérité, l'identité et la réciprocité

NEA TDBIV project : preparation of a state-of-the-art report on thermodynamic data for cement

The program of work of the fourth phase of the OECD NEA Thermochemical Database Project (TDB-IV) contemplates a line of activity on the preparation of a state of the art report on cements. The present work aims at presenting the project, its aims and its limits

Empowering young people—the impact of camp experiences on personal resources, well-being, and community building

IntroductionPersonal resources and resources of the sociocultural environment help children and adolescents to successfully cope with challenges in everyday life, which is associated with better individual well-being. SCOUT, the ‘Study on Competence development in OUT-of-school settings’, investigated whether participation in a summer camp enhanced adolescents’ personal resources, well-being, and readiness to contribute to the community.MethodsThe research took place during the Swiss National Jamboree of the Swiss Guide and Scout Movement, a two-week event in the summer of 2022, with a paper-pencil pretest (beginning of the camp – T1) and posttest (end of the camp – T2) survey (N = 607, aged 14–17). Confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine whether personal resources, well-being, and readiness to contribute to the community changed over time, and structural equation models were applied to test the direct and indirect effects of caring support from group leaders on the development of these variables.ResultsIn less than two weeks, camp participants demonstrated increased empathy, emotional self-control, optimism, and assertiveness. Furthermore, the adolescents reported more positive emotions, higher self-esteem, and stronger readiness to contribute to the community. Group leaders played a crucial role by influencing the positive development of well-being and readiness to contribute to the community both directly and indirectly through the promotion of personal resources.DiscussionThe findings indicate that young people benefit not only from participating in collaborative activities in a stimulating environment, but also from caring support provided by their group leaders

La littérature artistique : textes et éditions

Vies d’artistes, traités théoriques, ekphrasis, mais aussi guides de voyages, éloges (académiques ou non) ou discours rhétoriques sur les arts, tout ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler, depuis Julius von Schlosser, la littérature artistique, connaît un succès croissant, tant auprès des historiens de l’art que des littéraires. Ces textes, dont la fortune réside parfois aussi dans la qualité de la langue, peuvent devenir des ouvrages grand public, des écrits soumis à une critique philologique pointi..

The changing context of sexual initiation in sub-Saharan Africa

This working paper investigates the links between changing age at marriage and premarital sexual behavior in 27 sub-Saharan African countries in which Demographic and Health Surveys were conducted between 1994 and 2003. Using multiple-decrement life tables to examine the competing risks of premarital sex and marriage without prior sexual experience, we answer the largely unaddressed question of how reductions in the prevalence of early marriage have affected the likelihood of initiating premarital sex. Our analysis reveals that although the age of first sexual activity has either remained the same or increased, a shift in the context of sexual debut from marriage to before marriage has taken place in many countries. We assess whether the increase in the proportion of young women who report premarital sex is influenced by an increase in exposure resulting from delayed marriage or by an increase in the rate of premarital sex. The evidence on this point is mixed; in some settings greater exposure “explains” more of the increase, whereas in others an increased rate of premarital sex dominates

Preoperative oral practices and incidence of postoperative complications in hospital medical-surgical procedures:a meta-analysis

 Oral decay prior to a hospital medical-surgical procedure is a risk factor for the development of postoperative complications. However, perioperative oral practices as a protective factor have not been studied. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of perioperative oral practices in the reduction of risk of developing postoperative complications in in-hospital medical surgical procedures. This review and meta-analysis was conducted according to Cochrane guidelines. Medline, Scopus, Scielo, and Cochrane were consulted. Articles of the previous 10 years concerning adult patients undergoing perioperative oral practices prior to hospital medical-surgical procedures, were included. Data of the type of perioperative oral practice, type of postoperative complication and measures of effect on the development of complications were extracted. Of a pool of 1470 articles, 13 were included for systematic review and 10 for meta-analysis. The most common perioperative oral procedures were focalized approach (FA), referred to only the elimination of infectious foci in the oral cavity and comprehensive approach (CA), referred to a integral approach of the patient's oral health, both of which were mainly performed in oncologic surgeries, both were effective in the reduction of postoperative complications (RR=0.48, [95% CI 0.36 - 0.63]). The most reported postoperative complication was postoperative pneumonia. Perioperative oral management proved to be a protective factor against the development of postoperative complications

Human ectoparasites and the spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic

Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, can spread through human populations by multiple transmission pathways. Today, most human plague cases are bubonic, caused by spillover of infected fleas from rodent epizootics, or pneumonic, caused by inhalation of infectious droplets. However, little is known about the historical spread of plague in Europe during the Second Pandemic (14-19th centuries), including the Black Death, which led to high mortality and recurrent epidemics for hundreds of years. Several studies have suggested that human ectoparasite vectors, such as human fleas (Pulex irritans) or body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), caused the rapidly spreading epidemics. Here, we describe a compartmental model for plague transmission by a human ectoparasite vector. Using Bayesian inference, we found that this model fits mortality curves from nine outbreaks in Europe better than models for pneumonic or rodent transmission. Our results support that human ectoparasites were primary vectors for plague during the Second Pandemic, including the Black Death (1346-1353), ultimately challenging the assumption that plague in Europe was predominantly spread by rats

White Matter Atrophy and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Neuromyelitis Optica

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of central nervous system characterized by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive acute transverse myelitis. NMO patients have cognitive dysfunctions but other clinical symptoms of brain origin are rare. In the present study, we aimed to investigate cognitive functions and brain volume in NMO. The study population consisted of 28 patients with NMO and 28 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and educational level. We applied a French translation of the Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB-N) to the NMO patients. Using SIENAx for global brain volume (Grey Matter, GM; White Matter, WM; and whole brain) and VBM for focal brain volume (GM and WM), NMO patients and controls were compared. Voxel-level correlations between diminished brain concentration and cognitive performance for each tests were performed. Focal and global brain volume of NMO patients with and without cognitive impairment were also compared. Fifteen NMO patients (54%) had cognitive impairment with memory, executive function, attention and speed of information processing deficits. Global and focal brain atrophy of WM but not Grey Matter (GM) was found in the NMO patients group. The focal WM atrophy included the optic chiasm, pons, cerebellum, the corpus callosum and parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, including superior longitudinal fascicle. Visual memory, verbal memory, speed of information processing, short-term memory and executive functions were correlated to focal WM volumes. The comparison of patients with, to patients without cognitive impairment showed a clear decrease of global and focal WM, including brainstem, corticospinal tracts, corpus callosum but also superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles. Cognitive impairment in NMO patients is correlated to the decreased of global and focal WM volume of the brain. Further studies are needed to better understand the precise origin of cognitive impairment in NMO patients, particularly in the WM

The impact of interactions, bars, bulges, and AGN on star formation efficiency in local massive galaxies

Using observations from the GASS and COLD GASS surveys and complementary data from SDSS and GALEX, we investigate the nature of variations in gas depletion time observed across the local massive galaxy population. The large and unbiased COLD GASS sample allows us to assess the relative importance of galaxy interactions, bar instabilities, morphologies and the presence of AGN in regulating star formation efficiency. Both the H2 mass fraction and depletion time vary as a function of the distance of a galaxy from the main sequence in the SFR-M* plane. The longest gas depletion times are found in below-main sequence bulge-dominated galaxies that are either gas-poor, or else on average less efficient than disk-dominated galaxy at converting into stars any cold gas they may have. We find no link between AGN and these long depletion times. The galaxies undergoing mergers or showing signs of morphological disruptions have the shortest molecular gas depletion times, while those hosting strong stellar bars have only marginally higher global star formation efficiencies as compared to matched control samples. Our interpretation is that depletion time variations are caused by changes in the ratio between the gas mass traced by the CO(1-0) observations, and the gas mass in high density star-forming cores, with interactions, mergers and bar instabilities able to locally increase pressure and raise the ratio of efficiently star-forming gas to CO-detected gas. Building a sample representative of the local massive galaxy population, we derive a global Kennicutt-Schmidt relation of slope 1.18+/-0.24, and observe structure within the scatter around this relation, with galaxies having low (high) stellar mass surface densities lying systematically above (below) the mean relation, suggesting that gas surface density is not the only parameter driving the global star formation ability of a galaxy.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap