Financial Crisis 2007-2009 how credit rating agencies, mark to market and shadow banking system generated and worsen the crisis?

This Paper seeks to explain some main factors behind the Financial Crisis 2007-2009 with a special focus on the Credit Rating Agencies, Mark to Market and Shadow Banking System, there role in US Financial System and how these factors generated and worsen the crisis. Financial Crisis 2007-2009 which starts from the United States sub-prime Mortgage market nd spread to US financial sector and later on spread to the rest of world is said to be the even bigger crisis than the Great Depression of 1929. This crisis is unique in this way that in history we haven�t seen such a bigger impact world wide from any crisis. This paper would analyze the main causes which are right in the heart of the crisis and least discussed

Health at issue: discursive analysis of texts published in the Superinteressante (Brazil) and Muy Interesante (Spain and Argentina) magazines

Valendo-se dos aportes teóricos e metodológicos desenvolvidos pela Análise do Discurso da Divulgação Científica, esse trabalho teve como principal objetivo fazer uma análise linguístico-discursiva dos procedimentos e das estratégias divulgativas que envolveram o processo de recontextualização dos textos científicos em textos de divulgação que trataram da temática Saúde, bem como identificar o espaço que foi destinado à publicação de reportagens sobre esse macrotema nas revistas Superinteressante (Brasil), Muy Interesante (Espanha) e Muy Interesante (Argentina). Para tanto, construímos um corpus composto pelas edições publicadas no período de fevereiro de 2013 a janeiro de 2014. Para que nosso principal objetivo fosse alcançado, estabelecemos alguns passos de pesquisa precisaram ser definidos, a saber: contextualização da pesquisa, exposição dos principais pressupostos teóricos- metodológicos da Análise do Discurso da Divulgação Científica (CASALMIGLIA, 1997; CATALDI, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2011; CIAPUSCIO, 1997; VAN DIJK, 2011, 2012); descrição das revistas e da tarefa de divulgar nos contextos de circulação das mídias analisadas; análise quantitativa a fim de identificar o espaço que a Saúde ocupou nas mídias; análise pautada na identificação dos procedimentos linguístico-discursivos e das estratégias divulgativas e análise contrastiva visando identificar o grau de distanciamento e aproximação das mídias homônimas em relação ao uso da linguagem. Em nosso trabalho alguns conceitos, como o de língua, discurso e gênero textual, figuraram como elementos fundamentais que nortearam nosso trabalho. A pesquisa revela que as revistas homônimas apresentam muito mais do que o nome em comum, visto que denotam relevante similaridade não só quanto à seleção das informações prestadas, mas também quanto às táticas linguístico-discursivas eleitas.Drawing on the theoretical and methodological contributions developed by the Discursive Analysis of Scientific Dissemination, the main objective of this study was the linguistic- discursive analysis of the procedures and divulging strategies that involved the process of recontextualization of the scientific texts in dissemination texts that revolve around “Health”, as well as the identification of the space that was destined to the publishing of reports about this macro-theme in the Superinteressante (Brazil), Muy Interesante (Spain) and Muy Interesante (Argentina) magazines. For this matter, we built a corpus composed by the editions issued in the period between February 2013 and January 2014. In order to achieve our main goal, some research steps required definition: contextualization of the study, exhibition of the main theoretical and methodological presumptions of the Discursive Analysis of Scientific Dissemination (CASALMIGLIA, 1997; CATALDI, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2011; CIAPUSCIO, 1997; VAN DIJK, 2011, 2012); description of the magazines and of the task of divulging in the contexts of circulation of the analyzed media; quantitative analysis, in order to identify the space that “Health” occupied in the medias; analysis based on the identification of linguistic-discursive procedures and divulging strategies; and contrastive analysis envisioning the identification of the estrangement and approximation degrees amongst the homonymous media in relation to the use of the language. Some concepts, such as language and discourse, in the bakhthian perspective, the media discourse (CHARADEAU, 2006) and the textual genre (BEZERRA, B. G.; BIASI-RORIGUES, B.; CAVALCANTE, M. M, 2009) appeared as fundamental elements to guide our project. The study reveals that the homonymous magazines have much more in common than their name, since they denoted relevant similarity not only in the selection of the provided information, but in the elected linguistic-discursive tactics as well.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Hiv, Sex, and Social Change: Applying ESID Principles to HIV Prevention Research

The HIV epidemic has been the most significant public health crisis of the last 2 decades. Although Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination (ESID) principles have been used by many HIV prevention researchers, the clearest application is the series of modelbuilding and replication experiments conducted byKelly and colleagues.The model mobilized, trained, and engaged key opinion leaders to serve as behavior change and safe-sex endorsers in their social networks. This paper illustrates how ESID principles were used to develop, test, and disseminate an innovative social model and discusses the challenges of applying ESID methodology in the midst of a public health emergency

18F-fluciclovine PET-CT and 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET-CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy: a prospective, single-centre, single-arm, comparative imaging trial.

BackgroundNational Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines consider 18F-fluciclovine PET-CT for prostate cancer biochemical recurrence localisation after radical prostatectomy, whereas European Association of Urology guidelines recommend prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) PET-CT. To the best of our knowledge, no prospective head-to-head comparison between these tests has been done so far. The aim of this study was to compare prospectively paired 18F-fluciclovine and PSMA PET-CT scans for localising biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy in patients with low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations (<2·0 ng/mL).MethodsThis was a prospective, single-centre, open-label, single-arm comparative study done at University of California Los Angeles (Los Angeles, CA, USA). Patients older than 18 years of age with prostate cancer biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and PSA levels ranging from 0·2 to 2·0 ng/mL without any prior salvage therapy and with a Karnofsky performance status of at least 50 were eligible. Patients underwent 18F-fluciclovine (reference test) and PSMA (index test) PET-CT scans within 15 days. Detection rate of biochemical recurrence at the patient level and by anatomical region was the primary endpoint. A statistical power analysis demonstrated that a sample size of 50 patients was needed to show a 22% difference in detection rates in favour of PSMA (test for superiority). Each PET scan was interpreted by three independent masked readers and a consensus majority interpretation was generated (two vs one) to determine positive findings. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02940262, and is complete.FindingsBetween Feb 26, 2018, and Sept 20, 2018, 143 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 50 patients were enrolled into the study. Median follow-up was 8 months (IQR 7-9). The primary endpoint was met; detection rates were significantly lower with 18F-fluciclovine PET-CT (13 [26%; 95% CI 15-40] of 50) than with PSMA PET-CT (28 [56%; 41-70] of 50), with an odds ratio (OR) of 4·8 (95% CI 1·6-19·2; p=0·0026) at the patient level; in the subanalysis of the pelvic nodes region (four [8%; 2-19] with 18F-fluciclovine vs 15 [30%; 18-45] with PSMA PET-CT; OR 12·0 [1·8-513·0], p=0·0034); and in the subanalysis of any extrapelvic lesions (none [0%; 0-6] vs eight [16%; 7-29]; OR non-estimable [95% CI non-estimable], p=0·0078).InterpretationWith higher detection rates, PSMA should be the PET tracer of choice when PET-CT imaging is considered for subsequent treatment management decisions in patients with prostate cancer and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and low PSA concentrations (≤2·0 ng/mL). Further research is needed to investigate whether higher detection rates translate into improved oncological outcomes.FundingNone

Characterization of primary prostate carcinoma by anti-1-amino-2-[18F] -fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3-[18F] FACBC) uptake F] -fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3-[ 18 F] FACBC) uptake

Each prostate was co-registered to a separately acquired MR, divided into 12 sextants, and analyzed visually for abnormal focal uptake at 4, 16, 28, and 40 min post-injection by a single reader blinded to histology. SUVmax per sextant and total sextant activity (TSA) was also calculated. Histology and Gleason scores were similarly recorded by a urologic pathologist blinded to imaging. Imaging and histologic analysis were then compared. In addition, 3 representative sextants from each prostate were chosen based on highest, lowest and median SUVmax for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of Ki67, synaptophysin, P504s, chromogranin A, P53, androgen receptor, and prostein. 79 sextants had malignancy and 41 were benign. Highest combined sensitivity and specificity was at 28 min by visual analysis; 81.3% and 50.0% respectively. SUVmax was significantly higher (p<0.05) for malignant sextants (5.1±2.6 at 4 min; 4.5±1.6 at 16 min; 4.0±1.3 at 28 min; 3.8±1.0 at 40 min) compared to non-malignant sextants (4.0±1.9 at 4 min; 3.5±0.8 at 16 min; 3.4±0.9 at 28 min; 3.3±0.9 at 40 min), though there was overlap of activity between malignant and non-malignant sextants. SUVmax also significantly correlated (p<0.05) with Gleason score at all time points (r=0.28 at 4 min; r=0.42 at 16 min; r=0.46 at 28 min; r=0.48 at 40 min). There was no significant correlation of anti-3-[ 18 F] FACBC SUVmax with Ki-67 or other IHC markers. Since there was no distinct separation between malignant and non-malignant sextants or between Gleason score levels, we believe that anti-3-[ 18 F] FACBC PET should not be used alone for radiation therapy planning but may be useful to guide biopsy to the most aggressive lesion

Detection of Recurrent Prostate Carcinoma with anti-1-Amino-3-18F-Fluorocyclobutane-1-Carboxylic Acid PET/CT and 111In–Capromab Pendetide SPECT/CT

anti-1-amino-3-fluorine 18-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid PET/CT is more sensitive than 111In–capromab pendetide SPECT/CT in the detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma in the prostatic bed and extraprostatic sites