Realismo político en la guerra fría : los 50’s un periodo de mutuo miedo

ABSTRACT: Political realism was and is the theory which has governed International Relations, especially if we consider that these are dominated by a select group of nations. During the Cold War the world was divided into two, capitalist and communist sphere dictated their own rules within their respective areas of control. But as relations with its counterpart predominant fear and speculation about their strengths, weaknesses and scope. It is in these speculations (and hate) is where political realism has its scope, with its strong anthropological pessimism and constant quest for power and dominance. Both sides of the Cold War based all its international policy on the search for the total destruction of the enemy, either by weakening their economic bases or military and technological supremacy.RESUMEN: El realismo político fue y es la teoría con la que se han regido las Relaciones Internacionales, en especial si tomamos en cuenta que estas son dominadas por un grupo selecto de naciones. Durante la Guerra Fría el mundo estaba dividido en dos, la esfera capitalista y la comunista dictaban sus propias reglas dentro de sus respectivas áreas de dominio. Pero en cuanto las relaciones con su contraparte predominaba el miedo y la especulación sobre sus fuerzas, debilidades y alcances. Es en estas especulaciones (y odios) es donde el realismo político tiene su campo de acción, con su pesimismo antropológico marcado y la constante búsqueda del poder y predominancia. Ambos bandos de la Guerra Fría basaron toda su política internacional en la búsqueda de la destrucción total del enemigo, bien sea por debilitamiento de sus bases económicas o por la supremacía militar y tecnológica

Monolithic CIGS-Perovskite Tandem Cell for an Optimal Light Harvesting Without Current Matching

We present a novel monolithic architecture for optimal light harvesting in multijunction thin film solar cells. In the configuration we consider, formed by a perovskite (PVK) cell overlying a CIGS cell, the current extracted from the two different junctions is decoupled by the insertion of a dielectric nonperiodic photonic multilayer structure. This photonic multilayer is designed by an inverse integration approach to confine the incident sunlight above the PVK band gap in the PVK absorber layer, while increasing the transparency for sunlight below the PVK band gap for an efficient coupling into the CIGS bottom cell. To match the maximum power point voltages in a parallel connection of the PVK and CIGS cells, the latter is divided into two subcells by means of a standard three-laser scribing connection. Using realistic parameters for all the layers in the multijunction architecture we predict power conversion efficiencies of 28%. This represents an improvement of 24% and 26% over the best CIGS and PVK single-junction cells, respectively, while at the same time outperforms the corresponding current-matched standard tandem configuration by more than two percentage points.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Ensayos de bioestimulación algal con diferentes relaciones nitrógeno: fósforo bajo condiciones de laboratorio

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el crecimiento del alga Chlorella vulgaris ante diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y fósforo, a través de ensayos de bioestimulación en una cámara ambiental. Las variables respuesta fueron la densidad algal y la turbidez, evaluadas por conteo en una cámara de Neubauer y por espectrofotometría, empleando un equipo NOVA 60.Para los ensayos de bioestimulación se utilizó el medio de cultivo Estándar Métodos, sugerido por APHA, AWWA (1995) con diferentes concentraciones de nitrógeno y de fósforo. En general, se concluyó que la bioestimulación del crecimiento de Chlorella vulgaris depende de la relación estequiométrica entre el nitrógeno y el fósforo. En síntesis, cuando el fósforo se hace menos limitante se presentó una mayor tasa de crecimiento poblacional. Sin embargo, el nitrógeno es también esencial y ambos nutrientes no pueden ser analizados independientemente. Por lo tanto, el aumento o la disminución de las concentraciones de estos nutrientes en los ambientes acuáticos deben ser estudiados conjuntamente a través de sus relaciones estequiométricas

Ictiofauna de las áreas de manglar en las bahías Turbo y el Uno, Golfo de Urabá (Caribe Colombiano)

RESUMEN: Las colectas de peces se realizaron bimensualmente entre septiembre del 2004 y febrero de 2005 en faenas diurnas y nocturnas, empleando artes de pesca tradicionales. Durante el estudio la salinidad osciló entre 2 UPS en el periodo seco (diciembrefebrero) y 30 UPS en los meses de lluvia (septiembrenoviembre). Un poco más de la mitad de las 32 especies ícticas encontradas correspondieron a peces marinos que utilizan los estuarios como área de crianza y/o alimentación. Las especies dominantes por su abundancia y frecuencia de captura fueron Arius sp (Ariidae), Centropomus ensiferus (Centropomidae) y Sphoeroides testudineus (Tetraodontidae).ABSTRACT: Fish sampling journeys were carried out with traditional fishing nets and tackles nocturnally and diurnally each two months between September 2004 and February 2005. Salinity values varied between 2 PSU (DecemberFebruary) and 30 UPS (SeptemberNovember) in dry season and rainy season respectively. A little more than 50 percent of the 32 caught fish species were classified as sea fish, which make use of estuaries as rearing and feeding areas. Because of their abundance and frequency, it was determined that Arius sp (Ariidae), Centropomus ensiferus (Centropomidae) and Sphoeroides testudineus (Tetraodontidae) were the dominant species

Highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells through band alignment engineering

The simplification of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), by replacing the mesoporous electron selective layer (ESL) with a planar one, is advantageous for large-scale manufacturing. PSCs with a planar TiO2 ESL have been demonstrated, but these exhibit unstabilized power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Herein we show that planar PSCs using TiO2 are inherently limited due to conduction band misalignment and demonstrate, with a variety of characterization techniques, for the first time that SnO2 achieves a barrier-free energetic configuration, obtaining almost hysteresis-free PCEs of over 18% with record high voltages of up to 1.19 V

Diferencias entre empleabilidad, inseguridad laboral y salud en trabajadores y desempleados

Unemployment and job insecurity have negative effects on health, although employability may be able to mediate these effects. The objective of this article is to analyze the possible differences between workers and unemployed in employability and psychosocial health variables, as well as to explore the role of employability and job insecurity in the active population in psychosocial health. For this, quasiexperimental methodology was used, where a questionnaire evaluating employability, job insecurity and psychosocial health variables was administered to 97 workers (35 unemployed and 62 in active). Results showed that employability is higher in unemployed and that high scores in this construct are associated with negative emotions. On the other hand, in the active population, having high levels of job insecurity were associated with psychological distress and low satisfaction and self-efficacy. These results are discussed considering that employability could be buffer the negative health consequences derived from unemployment and job insecurity.ResumenEl desempleo y la inseguridad laboral tienen efectos negativos sobre la salud, aunque la empleabilidad podría mediar dichos efectos. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las posibles diferencias entre trabajadores y desempleados en empleabilidad y variables de salud psicosocial, así como explorar el papel de la empleabilidad y la inseguridad laboral en la salud psicosocial. Para esto, se utilizó metodología cuasiexperimental, donde se administraron una serie de cuestionarios que evaluaban empleabilidad e inseguridad laboral a 97 trabajadores (35 desempleados y 62 en activo), junto a otras variables psicosociales y de salud. Los resultados muestran que la empleabilidad es mayor en desempleados y que, altas puntuaciones en este constructo se asocian a un menor malestar afectivo. Por otro lado, en la población activa, tener altos niveles de inseguridad laboral también se asocian con malestar psicológico y baja satisfacción y autoeficacia. Estos resultados se discuten  considerando que la empleabilidad podría estar actuando como un amortiguador de las consecuencias negativas derivadas del desempleo y la inseguridad laboral.AbstractUnemployment and job insecurity have negative effects on health, although employability may be able to mediate these effects. The objective of this article is to analyze the possible differences between workers and unemployed in employability and psychosocial health variables, as well as to explore the role of employability and job insecurity in the active population in psychosocial health. For this, quasiexperimental methodology was used, where a questionnaire evaluating employability, job insecurity and psychosocial health variables was administered to 97 workers (35 unemployed and 62 in active). Results showed that employability is higher in unemployed and that high scores in this construct are associated with negative emotions. On the other hand, in the active population, having high levels of job insecurity were associated with psychological distress and low satisfaction and self-efficacy. These results are discussed considering that employability could be buffer the negative health consequences derived from unemployment and job insecurity

Impact of terrestrial mining and intensive agriculture in pollution of estuarine surface sediments: Spatial distribution of trace metals in the Gulf of Uraba, Colombia

The Gulf of Uraba (northwestern Colombia) is a geostrategic region, rich in biodiversity and natural resources. Its economy is mainly based on agribusinesses and mining activities. In this research is determined the impact of these activities in bottom surface sediments of the estuary. Thus, grain size, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, carbonates, Ag, Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations from 17 surface sediment samples were obtained and enrichment factors (EF) as well as geo-accumulation indices (Igeo) were calculated to determine the contamination level in the gulf. EF and Igeo values revealed that the estuary is extremely contaminated with Ag and moderately contaminated with Zn. Therefore, the observed enrichment of Ag may be explained as a residue of the extraction of gold and platinum-group metals and the enrichment with Zn associated mainly to pesticides used in banana plantations. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Spontaneous crystal coalescence enables highly efficient perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells have recently reached staggering efficiencies, through efforts focused on reducing grain boundaries, by enlarging the size of the crystalline domains that constitute the perovskite films. Here, we demonstrate that smaller crystallites within perovskite films spontaneously coalesce into larger ones, even when complete devices are stored in the dark at room temperature. We show that crystal coalescence greatly improves the performance of state of the art perovskite solar cells. Our results reveal the dynamic nature of the morphology of perovskite films and highlight the crucial role that coalescence plays in producing highly efficient device

Aplicación de teorías de internacionalización a “La Casa Arana” (Peruvian Amazon Company)

The Peruvian Amazon Company, most known as “La Casa Arana”, was a company dedicated to the extraction of rubber in the 20th century, having their production facilities in The Amazon jungle in Colombia and Peru, but was registered as an English company, “The Peruvian Amazon Company”. This company was leaded by Julio Cesar Arana, a Peruvian merchant who knew the region and facilitated the extraction of this raw material with the power he had. Within the paper, four theories of internationalization are going to be applied: Portfolio Theory, Product Life Cycle Theory, Foreign Direct Investment and Eclectic Theory.La “Peruvian Amazon Company”, más conocida como “La Casa Arana”, era una empresa dedicada a la extracción del caucho en el siglo XX, teniendo sus instalaciones de producción en la Selva Amazónica de Colombia y Perú, pero estaba registrada como una compañía inglesa, “ThePeruvian Amazon Company”. La entidad estaba a la cabeza de Julio César Arana, un comerciante peruano que conocía la región y facilitaba la extracción de esta materia prima con el poder que tenía. Dentro del artículo, se aplicarán cuatro teorías de internacionalización: Teoría de Portafolio, Teoría del Ciclo de Vida del Producto, Teoría de la Inversión Extranjera Directa y Teoría Ecléctica. Este artículo discute cómo la “Peruvian Amazon Company” impactó el mundo con sus prácticas cuestionables medio ambientales y laborales e hicieron de ella una empresa internacionalmente exitos