Effects of acceleration on the collision of particles in the rotating black hole spacetime

We study the collision of two geodesic particles in the accelerating and rotating black hole spacetime and probe the effects of the acceleration of black hole on the center-of-mass energy of the colliding particles and on the high-velocity collision belts. We find that the dependence of the center-of-mass energy on the acceleration in the near event-horizon collision is different from that in the near acceleration-horizon case. Moreover, the presence of the acceleration changes the shape and position of the high-velocity collision belts. Our results show that the acceleration of black holes brings richer physics for the collision of particles.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, The corrected version accepted for publication in EPJ

Observation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst.

Long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) originate from ultra-relativistic jets launched from the collapsing cores of dying massive stars. They are characterized by an initial phase of bright and highly variable radiation in the kiloelectronvolt-to-megaelectronvolt band, which is probably produced within the jet and lasts from milliseconds to minutes, known as the prompt emission1,2. Subsequently, the interaction of the jet with the surrounding medium generates shock waves that are responsible for the afterglow emission, which lasts from days to months and occurs over a broad energy range from the radio to the gigaelectronvolt bands1-6. The afterglow emission is generally well explained as synchrotron radiation emitted by electrons accelerated by the external shock7-9. Recently, intense long-lasting emission between 0.2 and 1 teraelectronvolts was observed from GRB 190114C10,11. Here we report multi-frequency observations of GRB 190114C, and study the evolution in time of the GRB emission across 17 orders of magnitude in energy, from 5 × 10-6 to 1012 electronvolts. We find that the broadband spectral energy distribution is double-peaked, with the teraelectronvolt emission constituting a distinct spectral component with power comparable to the synchrotron component. This component is associated with the afterglow and is satisfactorily explained by inverse Compton up-scattering of synchrotron photons by high-energy electrons. We find that the conditions required to account for the observed teraelectronvolt component are typical for GRBs, supporting the possibility that inverse Compton emission is commonly produced in GRBs

Galaxy bulges and their massive black holes: a review

With references to both key and oft-forgotten pioneering works, this article starts by presenting a review into how we came to believe in the existence of massive black holes at the centres of galaxies. It then presents the historical development of the near-linear (black hole)-(host spheroid) mass relation, before explaining why this has recently been dramatically revised. Past disagreement over the slope of the (black hole)-(velocity dispersion) relation is also explained, and the discovery of sub-structure within the (black hole)-(velocity dispersion) diagram is discussed. As the search for the fundamental connection between massive black holes and their host galaxies continues, the competing array of additional black hole mass scaling relations for samples of predominantly inactive galaxies are presented.Comment: Invited (15 Feb. 2014) review article (submitted 16 Nov. 2014). 590 references, 9 figures, 25 pages in emulateApJ format. To appear in "Galactic Bulges", E. Laurikainen, R.F. Peletier, and D.A. Gadotti (eds.), Springer Publishin

The Supply Chain for Parmigiano-Reggiano Cheese in the United States

The unique characteristics of food products produced in particular locations have been recognized and valued by consumers for centuries. Such products have long been an important component of global trade, but demand for them has grown rapidly in the last quarter century as consumers around the world have gained greater awareness of food from other countries. In the U.S., for example, demand for ethnic foods is growing rapidly as consumers place greater emphasis on variety and taste in the foods they eat. Also, heightened interest in nutritional and health aspects of food encourages consumers to learn more about traditional products. International supply chains for food products differentiated by their place of origin are highly variable, being influenced by product characteristics, trade policies, and the business strategies of key chain participants. However, most products that achieve widespread distribution in another country usually reach consumers by \u201cplugging into\u201d standard domestic wholesale and retail channels. For example, imported fresh produce products from around the world typically move to U.S. consumers through the same produce wholesalers and retail outlets that distribute domestic products. This tends to distance the producers of foods distinguished by their place of origin from the ultimate consumers of those products. As a result, producers may find it difficult to effectively signal the quality of their product and to capture a significant share of the price premium that can be realized when consumers do fully recognize product quality. These are common problems when local foods move into global markets \u2013 problems that motivate producers to search for changes in supply chain structure that improve information flows and shift a greater share of returns to those who create unique, place-based product characteristics. The first step in designing more effective supply chains for food products differentiated by their place of origin is to describe the structure of existing chains. In this paper we present a descriptive analysis of the supply chain for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese sold in the U.S. Parmigiano-Reggiano is probably the most famous of all Italian cheeses, with a long history that goes back to Middle Age. In many export markets, including the U.S., it is also known as Parmesan \u2013 a name used for many types of cheese, including the dry, tasteless powder that is familiar to most Americans. This leads to confusion that may hinder full development of the potential value of the Parmigiano-Reggiano \u201cbrand.\u201d Our primary objectives in this paper are: (1) to describe the channels through which Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese reaches U.S. consumers, (2) to develop hypotheses about how the supply chain will change as U.S. restrictions on Italian cheese imports are relaxed, and (3) to assess the contributions of institutions that make it easier for Italian producers of Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese to signal quality to U.S. consumers and to capture a greater share of revenues from Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese sold in the U.S. In the sections that follow, we first describe the major segments of the supply chain for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, starting with producers in Italy and working our way downstream to the U.S. consumer. We then describe typical trading partner relationship patterns, working our way back upstream through the chain from different consumption experiences for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese in the U.S. In the final two sections of the paper, we develop hypotheses about how changes in U.S. trade policy are likely to affect prices, chain structure, and trading partner relationships, and we discuss the important role Italian institutions play in the supply chain for Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese

Temperature effects on the mating frequency of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hüebner and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Este trabalho estudou a influência da temperatura na freqüência de cópula de Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner e Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith, que empregam diferentes estratégias de alocação, e a utilização de nutrientes para suas atividades reprodutivas. Os insetos foram criados em dieta artificial a 25ºC, sendo a influência da temperatura na freqüência de cópula, fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade de adultos avaliada em cinco temperaturas (15, 20, 25, 30 e 35ºC). A temperatura afetou a freqüência de cópula de ambas as espécies, sendo o seu efeito mais evidente nas temperaturas extremas estudadas (15ºC e 35ºC), principalmente, para A. gemmatalis, que apresentou redução drástica em sua atividade de cópula. Temperaturas intermediárias (20ºC a 30ºC) permitiram o maior número de cópulas, com S. frugiperda apresentando (até oito cópulas) atividade de cópula muito superior à de A. gemmatalis (até duas cópulas). Mesmo com a variação encontrada na atividade de cópula nas diferentes temperaturas, não foi verificada correlação entre o número de cópulas e os demais parâmetros biológicos observados (fecundidade, fertilidade e longevidade), com exceção da fecundidade de S. frugiperda a 25ºC, que apresentou correlação positiva com a atividade de cópula nessa temperatura (r = 0,589; P = 0,003), indicando que as alterações na atividade reprodutiva desse inseto foram decorrentes, basicamente, de sua resposta à temperatura. Fêmeas de S. frugiperda foram mais fecundas nas temperaturas entre 20ºC e 30ºC e as de A. gemmatalis a 25ºC. A longevidade de ambos os sexos decresceu com o aumento da temperatura para as duas espécies estudadas.This paper deals with the influence of temperature on the mating frequency of two lepidopterans, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), which use different strategies of allocation, and with the utilization of nutrients for their reproductive activities. The insects were reared on artificial diets at 25ºC, and the adults were exposed to five temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35ºC) to observe the influence of each temperature on their mating frequency, fecundity, fertility and longevity. The temperature affectedthe mating frequency of both species, being more evident at 15ºC and 35ºC, mainly for A. gemmatalis, which presented a drastic reduction on mating activities. The highest number of matings were observed from 20ºC to 30ºC, with S. frugiperda presenting mating activity (0-8) much higher than that of A. gemmatalis (0-2), but no correlation was observed among the number of matings and all other biological parameters evaluated (fecundity, fertility and longevity). However, S. frugiperda showed a positive correlation between fecundity and mating activity of females (r = 0.589; P = 0.003) at 25ºC. The highest fecundities were observed at temperatures from 20ºC to 30ºC for S. frugiperda and at 25ºC for A. gemmatalis. For both species, the longevity of males and females decreased as temperature increased

Novel ultrasound contrast agents with a liquid core for imaging and therapy .

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Designing High-Affinity Peptides for Organic Molecules by Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics

Financial support from the grant \u201cAssociazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro 5 per mille, Rif. 12214 \u201d, and \u201cFondo per gli Investimenti della Ricerca di Base-Accordo di programma, Rif. RBAP11ETKA\u201d