Maturing born globals in Latin America: the effect of product innovation and access to finance on performance

Within the field of international business and entrepreneurship, the following project investigates an underexplored topic, namely the post- establishment performance of maturing Born Globals in Latin America relative to younger Born Globals. A quantitative approach is applied, where firm- level secondary data from 14 Latin American countries is analyzed using multiple regression with interaction terms. The results illustrate that maturing Born Globals tend to have lower sales growth compared to younger Born Globals, while failing to detect that product innovation affect younger and maturing Born Globals differently. Access to finance as a moderator appear to be insignificant in the full sample, while the findings in the Peruvian context illustrate that the sales growth of maturing Peruvian Born Globals is more negatively affected by difficulties in obtaining finance relative to their younger counterparts

Real-time Data for Norway: Challenges for Monetary Policy

National accounts data are always revised. Not only recent data, but also figures dating many years back can be revised substantially. This means that there is a danger that an important part of the central bank's information set is flawed for a long period of time. In this paper we present a data base consisting of various vintages of real-time data from 1993Q1 to 2003Q4. We describe the nature of the data revisions, the causes of the revisions, and investigate whether the revisions are true martingale differences, or whether they can be forecasted. In the spirit of Orphanides and van Norden (2002), we analyze how data revisions and model uncertainty affect the reliability of output gap estimates. We also compare Taylor type interest rate rules based on real-time data versus final data and assess the consequences for monetary policy if policy was conducted using this type of interest rate rules. Finally, we analyze the implications of output gap uncertainty for monetary policy using a small New Keynesian macroeconomic model. --Monetary policy,output gap,real-time data,interest rate rules

Kvinnen i norske bylover fra middelalderen

Masteroppgave for lektorutdanning i samfunnsfag - Nord universitet 202

Differences in lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory health between elite athletes competing in different sports

The aim of this study was to examine lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms in elite athletes performing different sports. Norwegian national-team athletes (30 swimmers, 32 cross-country skiers, 16 speed-skaters, 11 rowers/paddlers, 17 handball players and 23 soccer players) completed a validated questionnaire, measured exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), spirometry, methacholine provocation (PD20met) and skin prick test. Three cut-off levels defined BHR; i.e. PD20met ≤2 µmol, ≤4 µmol and ≤8 µmol. Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was highest in swimmers (Mean z-score[95%CI]  = 1.16 [0.80, 1.51]), and close to or higher than reference values according to the Global Lung Initiative equation, across all sports. Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was higher than reference values in swimmers (0.48 [0.13, 0.84]), and ball game athletes (0.69 [0.41, 0.97]). Mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75), and/or FEV1/FVC were lower than reference values in all endurance groups. BHR defined by ≤2 and ≤8 µmol methacholine was observed in respectively 50%–87% of swimmers, 25%–47% of cross-country skiers, 20%–53% of speed-skaters, 18%–36% of rowers/paddlers, and 0%–17% of the ball game athletes. Exercise-induced symptoms were common in all groups, most frequent in cross-country skiers (88%), swimmers (83%) and speed-skaters (81%).publishedVersio

Bivalve beds reveal rapid changes in ocean oxygenation in the Boreal Middle Triassic – a case study from Svalbard, Norway

A fossil-rich interval in the organic-rich marine black mudstone of the Middle Triassic Botneheia Formation on eastern Svalbard was logged in high-resolution on an extremely well exposed section with emphasis on bivalve beds, taphonomic features, trace fossils and oxygenation proxies. The size distribution, fragmentation, articulation and orientation of three bivalve beds of the epifaunal flat clam Daonella were analysed. The logged section was studied for the recurrent occurrences of trace fossils and bivalve beds, and size distribution of framboidal pyrite. Daonella is most common in the shaly interval, while other taxa seem to outcompete Daonella in the siltier intervals. The comparison of fossil and sedimentological data with geochemical proxies for oxygenation revealed that the bivalve beds formed under dysoxic, conditions and due to low sedimentation rates and winnowing are not mass-mortality assemblages as previously suggested. The deposition on the sea floor was interrupted by anoxic intervals without benthic life. Recurrent beds containing the trace fossil Thalassinoides, however, show that oxygen levels fluctuated. The combination of water currents and oxygen fluctuations is a key to understanding why the black shales of the Botneheia Formation are so rich in benthic fossils

Den kollektive flytsonen : en kvalitativ studie av teamarbeid i en programvarebedrift

Masteroppgave i bedriftsledelse - Universitetet i Nordland, 201

Bacterial diversity in faeces from polar bear (Ursus maritimus) in Arctic Svalbard

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Polar bears (<it>Ursus maritimus</it>) are major predators in the Arctic marine ecosystem, feeding mainly on seals, and living closely associated with sea ice. Little is known of their gut microbial ecology and the main purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial diversity in faeces of polar bears in Svalbard, Norway (74-81°N, 10-33°E). In addition the level of <it>bla</it>_TEMalleles, encoding ampicillin resistance (amp^r) were determined. In total, ten samples were collected from ten individual bears, rectum swabs from five individuals in 2004 and faeces samples from five individuals in 2006.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A 16S rRNA gene clone library was constructed, and all sequences obtained from 161 clones showed affiliation with the phylum <it>Firmicutes</it>, with 160 sequences identified as <it>Clostridiales </it>and one sequence identified as unclassified <it>Firmicutes</it>. The majority of the sequences (70%) were affiliated with the genus <it>Clostridium</it>. Aerobic heterotrophic cell counts on chocolate agar ranged between 5.0 × 10⁴to 1.6 × 10⁶colony forming units (cfu)/ml for the rectum swabs and 4.0 × 10³to 1.0 × 10⁵cfu/g for the faeces samples. The proportion of amp^rbacteria ranged from 0% to 44%. All of 144 randomly selected amp^risolates tested positive for enzymatic β-lactamase activity. Three % of the amp^risolates from the rectal samples yielded positive results when screened for the presence of <it>bla</it>_TEMgenes by PCR. <it>Bla</it>_TEMalleles were also detected by PCR in two out of three total faecal DNA samples from polar bears.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The bacterial diversity in faeces from polar bears in their natural environment in Svalbard is low compared to other animal species, with all obtained clones affiliating to <it>Firmicutes</it>. Furthermore, only low levels of <it>bla</it>_TEMalleles were detected in contrast to their increasing prevalence in some clinical and commensal bacterial populations.</p

The potential of small unmanned aircraft systems and structure-from-motion for topographic surveys: a test of emerging integrated approaches at Cwm Idwal, North Wales

This paper was accepted for publication in the journal Geomorphology and the definitive published version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.021Novel topographic survey methods that integrate both structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are a rapidly evolving investigative technique. Due to the diverse range of survey configurations available and the infancy of these new methods, further research is required. Here, the accuracy, precision and potential applications of this approach are investigated. A total of 543 images of the Cwm Idwal moraine–mound complex were captured from a light (b5 kg) semi-autonomous multi-rotor unmanned aircraft system using a consumer-grade 18 MP compact digital camera. The imageswere used to produce a DSM(digital surfacemodel) of themoraines. The DSMis in good agreement with 7761 total station survey points providing a total verticalRMSE value of 0.517mand verticalRMSE values as lowas 0.200mfor less densely vegetated areas of the DSM. High-precision topographic data can be acquired rapidly using this technique with the resulting DSMs and orthorectified aerial imagery at sub-decimetre resolutions. Positional errors on the total station dataset, vegetation and steep terrain are identified as the causes of vertical disagreement. Whilst this aerial survey approach is advocated for use in a range of geomorphological settings, care must be taken to ensure that adequate ground control is applied to give a high degree of accuracy

Birth weight, cardiometabolic risk factors and effect modification of physical activity in children and adolescents : pooled data from 12 international studies

Objectives: Low and high birth weight is associated with higher levels of cardiometabolic risk factors and adiposity in children and adolescents, and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and early mortality later in life. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors and may mitigate the detrimental consequences of high or low birth weight. Thus, we examined whether MVPA modified the associations between birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Methods: We used pooled individual data from 12 cohort- or cross-sectional studies including 9,100 children and adolescents. Birth weight was measured at birth or maternally reported retrospectively. Device-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured in childhood or adolescence. We tested for associations between birth weight, MVPA, and cardiometabolic risk factors using multilevel linear regression, including study as a random factor. We tested for interaction between birth weight and MVPA by introducing the interaction term in the models (birth weight x MVPA). Results: Most of the associations between birth weight (kg) and cardiometabolic risk factors were not modified by MVPA (min/day), except between birth weight and waist circumference (cm) in children (p = 0.005) and HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.040). Sensitivity analyses suggested that some of the associations were modified by VPA, i.e., the associations between birth weight and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) in children (p = 0.009) and LDL- cholesterol (mmol/l) (p = 0.009) and triglycerides (mmol/l) in adolescents (p = 0.028). Conclusion: MVPA appears not to consistently modify the associations between low birth weight and cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, MVPA may mitigate the association between higher birth weight and higher waist circumference in children. MVPA is consistently associated with a lower cardiometabolic risk across the birth weight spectrum. Optimal prenatal growth and subsequent PA are both important in relation to cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents.publishedVersio