30 research outputs found
Physics of non-Gaussian fields and the cosmological genus statistic
We report a technique to calculate the impact of distinct physical processes
inducing non-Gaussianity on the cosmological density field. A natural
decomposition of the cosmic genus statistic into an orthogonal polynomial
sequence allows complete expression of the scale-dependent evolution of the
morphology of large-scale structure, in which effects including galaxy bias,
nonlinear gravitational evolution and primordial non-Gaussianity may be
delineated. The relationship of this decomposition to previous methods for
analysing the genus statistic is briefly considered and the following
applications are made: i) the expression of certain systematics affecting
topological measurements; ii) the quantification of broad deformations from
Gaussianity that appear in the genus statistic as measured in the Horizon Run
simulation; iii) the study of the evolution of the genus curve for simulations
with primordial non-Gaussianity. These advances improve the treatment of
flux-limited galaxy catalogues for use with this measurement and further the
use of the genus statistic as a tool for exploring non-Gaussianity.Comment: AASTeX preprint, 24 pages, 8 figures, includes several improvements
suggested by anonymous reviewe
Expanding Space: the Root of all Evil?
While it remains the staple of virtually all cosmological teaching, the
concept of expanding space in explaining the increasing separation of galaxies
has recently come under fire as a dangerous idea whose application leads to the
development of confusion and the establishment of misconceptions. In this
paper, we develop a notion of expanding space that is completely valid as a
framework for the description of the evolution of the universe and whose
application allows an intuitive understanding of the influence of universal
expansion. We also demonstrate how arguments against the concept in general
have failed thus far, as they imbue expanding space with physical properties
not consistent with the expectations of general relativity.Comment: 8 pages, accepted for publication in PAS
Spectral diversity of Type Ia Supernovae
We use published spectroscopic and photometric data for 8 Type Ia supernovae
to construct a dispersion spectrum for this class of object, showing their
diversity over the wavelength range 3700A to 7100A. We find that the B and V
bands are the spectral regions with the least dispersion, while the U band
below 4100A is more diverse. Some spectral features such as the Si line at
6150A are also highly diverse. We then construct two objective measures of
'peculiarity' by (i) using the deviation of individual objects from the average
SN Ia spectrum compared to the typical dispersion and (ii) applying principle
component analysis. We demonstrate these methods on several SNe Ia that have
previously been classified as peculiar.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, uses mn2e.cls, accepted for publication by MNRA
The Adventures of the Rocketeer: Accelerated Motion Under the Influence of Expanding Space
It is well known that interstellar travel is bounded by the finite speed of
light, but on very large scales any rocketeer would also need to consider the
influence of cosmological expansion on their journey. This paper examines
accelerated journeys within the framework of Friedmann-
Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker universes, illustrating how the duration of a fixed
acceleration sharply divides exploration over interstellar and intergalactic
distances. Furthermore, we show how the universal expansion increases the
difficulty of intergalactic navigation, with small uncertainties in
cosmological parameters resulting in significantly large deviations. This paper
also shows that, contrary to simplistic ideas, the motion of any rocketeer is
indistinguishable from Newtonian gravity if the acceleration is kept small.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PAS
Cosmological Radar Ranging in an Expanding Universe
While modern cosmology, founded in the language of general relativity, is
almost a century old, the meaning of the expansion of space is still being
debated. In this paper, the question of radar ranging in an expanding universe
is examined, focusing upon light travel times during the ranging; it has
recently been claimed that this proves that space physically expands. We
generalize the problem into considering the return journey of an accelerating
rocketeer, showing that while this agrees with expectations of special
relativity for an empty universe, distinct differences occur when the universe
contains matter. We conclude that this does not require the expansion of space
to be a physical phenomenon, rather that we cannot neglect the influence of
matter, seen through the laws of general relativity, when considering motions
on cosmic scales.Comment: 6 Pages. To appear in MNRA
Clipping the Cosmos: The Bias and Bispectrum of Large Scale Structure
A large fraction of the information collected by cosmological surveys is
simply discarded to avoid lengthscales which are difficult to model
theoretically. We introduce a new technique which enables the extraction of
useful information from the bispectrum of galaxies well beyond the conventional
limits of perturbation theory. Our results strongly suggest that this method
increases the range of scales where the relation between the bispectrum and
power spectrum in tree-level perturbation theory may be applied, from k_max ~
0.1 h/Mpc to ~ 0.7 h/Mpc. This leads to correspondingly large improvements in
the determination of galaxy bias. Since the clipped matter power spectrum
closely follows the linear power spectrum, there is the potential to use this
technique to probe the growth rate of linear perturbations and confront
theories of modified gravity with observation.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures. To appear in Physical Review Letter
Topology of non-linear structure in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey
We study the evolution of non-linear structure as a function of scale in
samples from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, constituting over 221 000 galaxies
at a median redshift of z=0.11. The two flux-limited galaxy samples, located
near the southern galactic pole and the galactic equator, are smoothed with
Gaussian filters of width ranging from 5 to 8 Mpc/h to produce a continuous
galaxy density field. The topological genus statistic is used to measure the
relative abundance of overdense clusters to void regions at each scale; these
results are compared to the predictions of analytic theory, in the form of the
genus statistic for i) the linear regime case of a Gaussian random field; and
ii) a first-order perturbative expansion of the weakly non-linear evolved
field. The measurements demonstrate a statistically significant detection of an
asymmetry in the genus statistic between regions corresponding to low- and
high-density volumes of the universe. We attribute the asymmetry to the
non-linear effects of gravitational evolution and biased galaxy formation, and
demonstrate that these effects evolve as a function of scale. We find that
neither analytic prescription satisfactorily reproduces the measurements,
though the weakly non-linear theory yields substantially better results in some
cases, and we discuss the potential explanations for this result.Comment: 13 pages, matching proof to be published in MNRAS; new version adds
reference and corrects figure
Active Learning to Overcome Sample Selection Bias: Application to Photometric Variable Star Classification
Despite the great promise of machine-learning algorithms to classify and
predict astrophysical parameters for the vast numbers of astrophysical sources
and transients observed in large-scale surveys, the peculiarities of the
training data often manifest as strongly biased predictions on the data of
interest. Typically, training sets are derived from historical surveys of
brighter, more nearby objects than those from more extensive, deeper surveys
(testing data). This sample selection bias can cause catastrophic errors in
predictions on the testing data because a) standard assumptions for
machine-learned model selection procedures break down and b) dense regions of
testing space might be completely devoid of training data. We explore possible
remedies to sample selection bias, including importance weighting (IW),
co-training (CT), and active learning (AL). We argue that AL---where the data
whose inclusion in the training set would most improve predictions on the
testing set are queried for manual follow-up---is an effective approach and is
appropriate for many astronomical applications. For a variable star
classification problem on a well-studied set of stars from Hipparcos and OGLE,
AL is the optimal method in terms of error rate on the testing data, beating
the off-the-shelf classifier by 3.4% and the other proposed methods by at least
3.0%. To aid with manual labeling of variable stars, we developed a web
interface which allows for easy light curve visualization and querying of
external databases. Finally, we apply active learning to classify variable
stars in the ASAS survey, finding dramatic improvement in our agreement with
the ACVS catalog, from 65.5% to 79.5%, and a significant increase in the
classifier's average confidence for the testing set, from 14.6% to 42.9%, after
a few AL iterations.Comment: 43 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Ap
Constraints on the Generalized Chaplygin Gas Model from Gamma-Ray Bursts
We study the Generalized Chaplygin gas model (GCGM) using Gamma-ray bursts as
cosmological probes. In order to avoid the so-called circularity problem we use
cosmology-independent data set and Bayesian statistics to impose constraints on
the model parameters. We observe that a negative value for the parameter
is favoured if we adopt a flat Universe and the estimated value of the
parameter is lower than that found in literature.Comment: 10 pages, 29 figures, accepted for publication in Physics Letters