Differential Incision and Uplift of the Yakima River Terraces

The Yakima fold belt comprises fault-related folds deforming Miocene basalts and younger deposits of the Columbia Plateau in central Washington State. Geodesy implies ~2 mm/yr of modern, NNE-directed regional shortening; however the distribution of Quaternary deformation among individual structures remains unclear. South of Ellensburg, Washington, the Yakima River cuts a ~600-m deep canyon across several of the folds, preserving flights of strath terraces that record the progressive incision. Graded alluvial basins at the head and mouth of the canyon imply that terrace incision also records differential rock uplift. We integrate lidar analysis, field observations, and cosmogenic burial dating of eight strath terraces in the canyon to quantify Quaternary incision across two folds, Manastash Ridge and Umtanum Ridge. Isochron burial ages from in-situ 26Al and 10Be characterize four terrace-forming intervals at ≤0.5 Ma, 0.7 -1.3 Ma, 1.5-1.7 Ma, and 2.8-3.0 Ma. Along with the burial ages, we use lidar-derived strath heights to calculate time-averaged bedrock incision rates of ~10-3 mm/yr through synclinal lows, and ~10-2 within the Manastash and Umtanum Ridge anticlines (~0.07 mm/yr from 0.2-0.4 Ma and ~0.04 mm/yr from 1.5-1.7 Ma, respectively). Collectively, the results demonstrate Quaternary differential bedrock incision and uplift of the Manastash and Umtanum Ridge anticlines. Incision rates permit horizontal shortening at ~0.08-0.12 mm/yr across master faults (dip 30±10° S) beneath the folds, indicating that other compressional structures in the region likely take up the remaining ~1-2 mm/yr of modern regional geodetic shortening

High Frequency Asymptotics for the Spin-Weighted Spheroidal Equation

We fully determine a uniformly valid asymptotic behaviour for large $a \omega$ and fixed $m$ of the angular solutions and eigenvalues of the spin-weighted spheroidal differential equation. We fully complement the analytic work with a numerical study.Comment: The .tar.gz file should contain 1 tex file, 24 figures in .ps format and 1 bibliography file in .bbl format. All these files are located in the same director

Alternative mechanism for bacteriophage adsorption to the motile bacterium Caulobacter crescentus

2D and 3D cryo-electron microscopy, together with adsorption kinetics assays of ϕCb13 and ϕCbK phage-infected Caulobacter crescentus, provides insight into the mechanisms of infection. ϕCb13 and ϕCbK actively interact with the flagellum and subsequently attach to receptors on the cell pole. We present evidence that the first interaction of the phage with the bacterial flagellum takes place through a filament on the phage head. This contact with the flagellum facilitates concentration of phage particles around the receptor (i.e., the pilus portals) on the bacterial cell surface, thereby increasing the likelihood of infection. Phage head filaments have not been well characterized and their function is described here. Phage head filaments may systematically underlie the initial interactions of phages with their hosts in other systems and possibly represent a widespread mechanism of efficient phage propagation

Surveying the woody flora of green spaces in Esperanza city (Santa Fe, Argentina): Some suggestions for its management

La ciudad de Esperanza (Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina) posee espacios verdes tales como parques, plazas y plazoletas que constituyen áreas de esparcimiento y garantizan el desarrollo humano en equilibrio con la naturaleza. Para el conocimiento de estos espacios verdes es fundamental conocer la superficie que ocupan, las especies vegetales, el estado de conservación de las plantas y el manejo que reciben, especialmente las leñosas.Considerando la importancia que el arbolado urbano tiene en esta ciudad se realizó un censo con el objetivo de evaluar las principales características de la flora leñosa de los espacios verdes. Se tomaron datos de las especies existentes, estado sanitario e intervenciones silviculturales. A partir de esta información se propusieron intervenciones silviculturales apropiadas. Finalmente se evaluó la disponibilidad de espacios verdes por habitante y la cantidad de habitantes por árbol.El 74 % de los árboles correspondió a especies exóticas, el estado sanitario en general resultó bueno y el 57 % de los árboles no tuvo ningún tipo de intervención silvicultural evidente. Cada habitante dispone en promedio de 7,64 m2 de espacio verde y la cantidad de habitantes por árbol fue 18,8.Los datos obtenidos constituyen el primer censo de especies leñosas de la infraestructura verde de Esperanza. Se propone aumentar la superficie de espacios verdes y promover la plantación, especialmente con especies nativas.Esperanza City (Santa Fe, Argentina) has green spaces such as parks, squares and small squares devoted to recreational areas and guarantee human development in balance with nature. To fully understand these green spaces, it is essential to know the area they occupy, the plant species included as well as their health condition and the management they receive, particularly the woody ones. Due to the importance given to urban trees in this city, a census was carried out to evaluate the main features of the woody flora int these green spaces. The data collected include: existing species, their health status and silvicultural interventions. Based upon this information, suitable silvicultural interventions were proposed. Finally, the availability of green spaces per inhabitant and the number of inhabitants per tree were evaluated. The results showed that 74 % of the trees corresponded to exotic species with a good general health status and 57 % of the trees showed nom evident silvicultural intervention. There exists an average of 7.64 m2 of green space per inhabitant and 18.8 inhabitants per tree. The data obtained become the first census of woody species of the Esperanza City green infrastructure. It is proposed to increase green space areas and promote planting, especially using native species.Fil: Bender, Adrian Gabriel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, Verónica Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral. - Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Gonzalez, M.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Perreta, Mariel Gladis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral. - Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias del Litoral.; ArgentinaFil: Spizzamiglio, S.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Araujo Vieira de Souza, Jonicelia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin

Mock galaxy redshift catalogues from simulations: implications for Pan-STARRS1

We describe a method for constructing mock galaxy catalogues which are well suited for use in conjunction with large photometric surveys. We use the semi-analytic galaxy formation model of Bower et al. implemented in the Millennium simulation. We apply our method to the specific case of the surveys soon to commence with PS1, the first of 4 telescopes planned for the Pan-STARRS system. PS1 has 5 photometric bands (grizy), and will carry out an all-sky 3pi survey and a medium deep survey (MDS) over 84 sq.deg. We calculate the expected magnitude limits for extended sources in the two surveys. We find that, after 3 years, the 3pi survey will have detected over 10^8 galaxies in all 5 bands, 10 million of which will lie at redshift z>0.9, while the MDS will have detected over 10^7 galaxies with 0.5 million lying at z>2. These numbers at least double if detection in the shallowest band, y is not required. We then evaluate the accuracy of photometric redshifts estimated using an off-the-shelf photo-z code. With the grizy bands alone it is possible to achieve an accuracy in the 3pi survey of Delta z/(1+z)~0.06 for 0.25<z<0.8, which could be reduced by about 15% using near infrared photometry from the UKIDDS survey, but would increase by about 25% for the deeper sample without the y band photometry. For the MDS an accuracy of Delta z/(1+z)~0.05 is achievable for 0.02<z<1.5 using grizy. A dramatic improvement in accuracy is possible by selecting only red galaxies. In this case, Delta z/(1+z)~0.02-0.04 is achievable for ~100 million galaxies at 0.4<z<1.1 in the 3pi survey and for 30 million galaxies in the MDS at 0.4<z<2. We investigate the effect of using photo-z in the estimate of the baryonic acoustic oscillation scale. We find that PS1 will achieve a similar accuracy in this estimate as a spectroscopic survey of 20 million galaxies.Comment: 23 pages, 18 figures, accepted by MNRA

A meta-analysis of the associations between common variation in the PDE8B gene and thyroid hormone parameters, including assessment of longitudinal stability of associations over time and effect of thyroid hormone replacement

Objective Common variants in PDE8B are associated with TSH but apparently without any effect on thyroid hormone levels that is difficult to explain. Furthermore, the stability of the association has not been examined in longitudinal studies or in patients on levothyroxine (l-T4). Design Totally, four cohorts were used (n=2557): the Busselton Health Study (thyroid function measured on two occasions), DEPTH, EFSOCH (selective cohorts), and WATTS (individuals on l-T4). Methods Meta-analysis to clarify associations between the rs4704397 single nucleotide polymorphism in PDE8B on TSH, tri-iodothyronine (T3), and T4 levels. Results Meta-analysis confirmed that genetic variation in PDE8B was associated with TSH (P=1.64×10−10 0.20 s.d./allele, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.142, 0.267) and identified a possible new association with free T4 (P=0.023, −0.07 s.d./allele, 95% CI −0.137, −0.01), no association was seen with free T3 (P=0.218). The association between PDE8B and TSH was similar in 1981 (0.14 s.d./allele, 95% CI 0.04, 0.238) and 1994 (0.20 s.d./allele, 95% CI 0.102, 0.300) and even more consistent between PDE8B and free T4 in 1981 (−0.068 s.d./allele, 95% CI −0.167, 0.031) and 1994 (−0.07 s.d./allele, 95% CI −0.170, 0.030). No associations were seen between PDE8B and thyroid hormone parameters in individuals on l-T4. Conclusion Common genetic variation in PDE8B is associated with reciprocal changes in TSH and free T4 levels that are consistent over time and lost in individuals on l-T4. These findings identify a possible genetic marker reflecting variation in thyroid hormone output that will be of value in epidemiological studies and provides additional evidence that PDE8B is involved in TSH signaling in the thyroid

Influence of the propagules lignification degree of the garden and minigarden clonal on the cuttings and mini cuttings rooting of Prosopis alba Griseb

Prosopis alba posee potencial para la producción forestal y forrajera, destacándose su utilización en zonas áridas y semi-áridas. La especie, considerada de difícil enraizamiento, se propaga comercialmente mediante semillas. Su clonación permitiría cultivar materiales de interés silvícola altamente productivos y en un menor tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el grado de lignificación de estacas y miniestacas de P. alba y su relación con su capacidad de enraizamiento. Los brotes obtenidos del jardín y minijardín clonal fueron inducidos al enraizamiento con diferentes concentraciones de IBA. Se realizaron cortes anatómicos de los brotes, previo a la inducción del enraizamiento y 40 días posteriores al mismo para observar la lignificación de estos materiales y relacionarlos con estacas y miniestacas enraizadas. Las miniestacas con mayor grado de juvenilidad y de etiolación presentaron menor grado de lignificación y lograron mayores porcentajes de enraizamiento(99,6%) con respecto a las estacas (7,6%). Se observó que la utilización de la técnica deminiestacas asociada a la de etiolación son promisoras para la propagación vegetativa de P. alba y posiblemente de otras especies nativas de difícil enraizamiento.Prosopis alba has high potential as forest material and important forage features for arid and semi-arid areas. Prosopis alba is commercially propagated by seeds, because of its rooting difficulties. Its cloning would allow to cultivate highly productive silvicultural materials in less time. The aim of this work was to analyze the lignification degree of P. alba cuttings and mini-cuttings and its relation with the rooting capacity. The sprouts obtained from the garden and clonal mini-garden were rooted with different concentrations of IBA. Serial transversal sections of the sprouts were carried out before rooting induction and 40 days after this process to observe the lignification of these material and its relationships with rooted cuttings and mini-cuttings. Results show that mini-cuttings with greater juvenility and etiolation degree presented lower lignification degree and reached higher rooting percentages (99.6%) with respect to cuttings (7.6%). Mini-cutting and etiolation techniques are promising for the vegetative propagation of P. alba and other native species with difficult rooting.Fil: Araujo Vieira de Souza, Jonicelia Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bender, Adrian Gabriel. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Reutemann Arnolfo, Andrea Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Perreta, Mariel Gladis. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Córdoba, M. S.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Tivano, Juan Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Guerra Barroso, Deborah. Universidade Estadual Do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. Laboratorio de Fitotecnia; BrasilFil: Gariglio, Norberto Francisco. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Mroginski, Luis Amado. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Vegetti, Abelardo Carlos. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are differentially expressed in juxtaglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb of mice

In the olfactory bulb, input from olfactory receptor neurons is processed by neuronal networks before it is relayed to higher brain regions. In many neurons, hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels generate and control oscillations of the membrane potential. Oscillations also appear crucial for information processing in the olfactory bulb. Four channel isoforms exist (HCN1–HCN4) that can form homo- or heteromers. Here, we describe the expression pattern of HCN isoforms in the olfactory bulb of mice by using a novel and comprehensive set of antibodies against all four isoforms. HCN isoforms are abundantly expressed in the olfactory bulb. HCN channels can be detected in most cell populations identified by commonly used marker antibodies. The combination of staining with marker and HCN antibodies has revealed at least 17 different staining patterns in juxtaglomerular cells. Furthermore, HCN isoforms give rise to an unexpected wealth of co-expression patterns but are rarely expressed in the same combination and at the same level in two given cell populations. Therefore, heteromeric HCN channels may exist in several cell populations in vivo. Our results suggest that HCN channels play an important role in olfactory information processing. The staining patterns are consistent with the possibility that both homomeric and heteromeric HCN channels are involved in oscillations of the membrane potential of juxtaglomerular cells