Zapożyczenia greckie i łacińskie a polsko-rosyjskie kontakty językowe

The article presents an analysis of 140 random lexemes of Greek and Latin origin excerpted from Słownik kieszonkowy polsko-rosyjski i rosyjsko-polski [Pocket Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish Dictionary] edited by I. Mitronova, G. Sinicyna and G. Lipkes. The corpus is, according to lexicographers and linguists, an effect of mutual influences of Polish and Russian languages. The opinions on origins of words differ among researchers, and the article attempts to verify the previously accepted judgements by M. Vasmer, W. Witkowski and Z. Rysiewicz, based on informations included in monographs by D. Moszyńska, H. Leeming, S. Kochman, and in historical dictionaries of both languages. With reference to almost 75% of the analysed material, the direction of loanword acquisition proposed by Vasmer, Witkowski and Rysiewicz has been confirmed. However, for about a quarter of the random sample of words, the accepted opinion is not confirmed by more recent historical dictionaries, nor by the lexical material provided in the monographs. The article proposes new results for the direction of loanword migration in this group of vocabulary

Zapożyczenia greckie i łacińskie a polsko-rosyjskie kontakty językowe

The article presents an analysis of 140 random lexemes of Greek and Latin origin excerpted from Słownik kieszonkowy polsko-rosyjski i rosyjsko-polski [Pocket Polish-Russian and Russian-Polish Dictionary] edited by I. Mitronova, G. Sinicyna and G. Lipkes. The corpus is, according to lexicographers and linguists, an effect of mutual influences of Polish and Russian languages. The opinions on origins of words differ among researchers, and the article attempts to verify the previously accepted judgements by M. Vasmer, W. Witkowski and Z. Rysiewicz, based on informations included in monographs by D. Moszyńska, H. Leeming, S. Kochman, and in historical dictionaries of both languages. With reference to almost 75% of the analysed material, the direction of loanword acquisition proposed by Vasmer, Witkowski and Rysiewicz has been confirmed. However, for about a quarter of the random sample of words, the accepted opinion is not confirmed by more recent historical dictionaries, nor by the lexical material provided in the monographs. The article proposes new results for the direction of loanword migration in this group of vocabulary

Polskie ekwiwalenty semantyczne rosyjskiego rzeczownika ярость

The purpose of this article is to compare the Russian noun ярость (rage) and its Polish semantic equivalents (gniew, wściekłość, pasja, furia) reported by Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Dictionaries. Monographs, articles and dictionary entries have been used to analyse the terms and to create new definitions of feelings based on the Natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). The new definitions were written using sixty semantic primes, are universal for all languages, which helped to show similarities or differences between such difficult terms as feelings. Using this method, symmetry and asymmetry of equivalence have been found between Russian and Polish words.The purpose of this article is to compare the Russian noun ярость (rage) and its Polish semantic equivalents (gniew, wściekłość, pasja, furia) reported by Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Dictionaries. Monographs, articles and dictionary entries have been used to analyse the terms and to create new definitions of feelings based on the Natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). The new definitions were written using sixty semantic primes, are universal for all languages, which helped to show similarities or differences between such difficult terms as feelings. Using this method, symmetry and asymmetry of equivalence have been found between Russian and Polish words

COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study.

To access publisher full text version of this article. Please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field.BACKGROUND: Never smokers comprise a substantial proportion of patients with COPD. Their characteristics and possible risk factors in this population are not yet well defined. METHODS: We analyzed data from 14 countries that participated in the international, population-based Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study. Participants were aged ≥ 40 years and completed postbronchodilator spirometry testing plus questionnaires about respiratory symptoms, health status, and exposure to COPD risk factors. A diagnosis of COPD was based on the postbronchodilator FEV₁/FVC ratio, according to current GOLD (Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease) guidelines. In addition to this, the lower limit of normal (LLN) was evaluated as an alternative threshold for the FEV₁/FVC ratio. RESULTS: Among 4,291 never smokers, 6.6% met criteria for mild (GOLD stage I) COPD, and 5.6% met criteria for moderate to very severe (GOLD stage II+) COPD. Although never smokers were less likely to have COPD and had less severe COPD than ever smokers, never smokers nonetheless comprised 23.3% (240/1,031) of those classified with GOLD stage II+ COPD. This proportion was similar, 20.5% (171/832), even when the LLN was used as a threshold for the FEV₁/FVC ratio. Predictors of COPD in never smokers include age, education, occupational exposure, childhood respiratory diseases, and BMI alterations. CONCLUSION: This multicenter international study confirms previous evidence that never smokers comprise a substantial proportion of individuals with COPD. Our data suggest that, in addition to increased age, a prior diagnosis of asthma and, among women, lower education levels are associated with an increased risk for COPD among never smokers.ALTANA Aventis AstraZeneca Boehringer-Ingleheim Chiesi GlaxoSmithKline Merck Novartis Pfizer Inc Schering-Plough Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc University of Kentucky Schering Plough Sepracor AstraZeneca, Spai

PLoS Pathog

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a leading infectious cause of morbidity in immune-compromised patients. γδ T cells have been involved in the response to CMV but their role in protection has not been firmly established and their dependency on other lymphocytes has not been addressed. Using C57BL/6 αβ and/or γδ T cell-deficient mice, we here show that γδ T cells are as competent as αβ T cells to protect mice from CMV-induced death. γδ T cell-mediated protection involved control of viral load and prevented organ damage. γδ T cell recovery by bone marrow transplant or adoptive transfer experiments rescued CD3ε-/- mice from CMV-induced death confirming the protective antiviral role of γδ T cells. As observed in humans, different γδ T cell subsets were induced upon CMV challenge, which differentiated into effector memory cells. This response was observed in the liver and lungs and implicated both CD27+ and CD27- γδ T cells. NK cells were the largely preponderant producers of IFNγ and cytotoxic granules throughout the infection, suggesting that the protective role of γδ T cells did not principally rely on either of these two functions. Finally, γδ T cells were strikingly sufficient to fully protect Rag-/-γc-/- mice from death, demonstrating that they can act in the absence of B and NK cells. Altogether our results uncover an autonomous protective antiviral function of γδ T cells, and open new perspectives for the characterization of a non classical mode of action which should foster the design of new γδ T cell based therapies, especially useful in αβ T cell compromised patients

The polish and russian family of words coming from proto-slavic *rǫka. Selected issues

A purpose of this article is to compare Polish and Russian word families formed from the Proto-Slavic lexeme *rǫka. 90 derivatives whose word-formation basis is the lexeme hand have been excerpted from Dictionary of Polish Language edited by M. Szymczak whereas 143 words deriving from the Russian word рука have been found in Словаре русского языка edited by A. P. Jewgieniewa. Despite quantitative differences, a number of common lexis in the Polish language group amounts to 48% whereas in the Russian group to 55%. Apart from the statistics, the article focuses on two detailed issues in the scope of differences in shaping lexical resources of word families coming from Proto-Slavic *rǫka in the Polish and Russian languages. The first difference involves morphological distinctions resulting from inherent tendencies of the Russian language to create acronyms such as технорук, военрук that do not exist in the Polish language. The second difference discussed here are cultural conditionings which influenced the creation of lexical distinctions in both languages certified in such word pairs as: podręcznik [handbook] – учебник, ręcznik [towel] – полотенце, rękawicznik [glove maker] – перчаточник, krótkowzroczność [shortsightedness] – близорукость, oklaski [clapping] – рукоплескания, umywalka [sink] – рукомойник, dwulicowiec [two-faced] – двурушник.Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu13293

Russian semantic equivalents of contemporary Polish nouns called feelings

Wydział Filologii Polskiej i KlasycznejW rozprawie doktorskiej Rosyjskie ekwiwalenty semantyczne współczesnych polskich rzeczowników nazywających uczucia poddano analizie słownictwo nazywające uczucia, zarejestrowane w trzytomowym Słowniku języka polskiego pod redakcją Mieczysława Szymczaka. Tak wyłonione leksemy porównano z ich rosyjskimi ekwiwalentami. Szczegółowemu oglądowi została poddana kwestia przetłumaczalności rosyjskich odpowiedników semantycznych polskich nazw uczuć. Ustalono także stopnień ekwiwalencji leksemów, należących do języków blisko spokrewnionych. Punktem wyjścia dla interpretacji znaczeń porównywanych polskich i rosyjskich rzeczownikowych emotywów były ich definicje słownikowe, a także artykuły oraz monografie poświęcone uczuciom i emocjom. Jednak zasadniczym narzędziem interpretacyjnym wykorzystanym w dysertacji był Naturalny Metajęzyk Semantyczny (NMS) zaproponowany przez Annę Wierzbicką. Zastosowanie procedur analitycznych NMS pozwoliło na skonstruowanie precyzyjnych definicji, jednoznacznie uwidaczniających podobieństwa i różnice wartości semantycznej zestawianych w dysertacji polskich i rosyjskich emotywów.In the doctoral dissertation, „Russian semantic equivalents of contemporary Polish nouns called feelings” vocabulary nameing feelings, registered in the three-volume Polish Dictionary edited by Mieczysław Szymczak were subjected to analysis. The lexemes thus selected were compared with their Russian equivalents. The issue of the translatability of Russian semantic equivalents of Polish names of feelings was subjected to a detailed examination. The degree of equivalence of lexemes belonging to closely related languages was also determined. The starting point for the interpretation of the meanings of the compared Polish and Russian noun nameing feelings were their dictionary definitions, as well as articles and monographs on feelings and emotions. However, the main interpretative tool used in the dissertation was the Natural Semantic Meta Language (NMS) proposed by Anna Wierzbicka. The use of NMS analytical procedures has allowed the construction of precise definitions that clearly show similarities and differences in the semantic value compiled in the dissertations of Polish and Russian nouns naming feelings