935 research outputs found
Super-Droplet Method for the Numerical Simulation of Clouds and Precipitation: a Particle-Based Microphysics Model Coupled with Non-hydrostatic Model
A novel simulation model of cloud microphysics is developed, which is named
Super-Droplet Method (SDM). SDM enables accurate calculation of cloud
microphysics with reasonable cost in computation. A simple SDM for warm rain,
which incorporates sedimentation, condensation/evaporation, stochastic
coalescence, is developed. The methodology to couple SDM and a non-hydrostatic
model is also developed. It is confirmed that the result of our Monte Carlo
scheme for the coalescence of super-droplets agrees fairly well with the
solution of stochastic coalescence equation. A preliminary simulation of a
shallow maritime cumulus formation initiated by a warm bubble is presented to
demonstrate the practicality of SDM. Further discussions are devoted for the
extension and the computational efficiency of SDM to incorporate various
properties of clouds, such as, several types of ice crystals, several sorts of
soluble/insoluble CCNs, their chemical reactions, electrification, and the
breakup of droplets. It is suggested that the computational cost of SDM becomes
lower than spectral (bin) method when the number of attributes becomes
larger than some critical value, which may be
Re-identification of G35.6-0.4 as a supernova remnant
G35.6-0.4 is an extended radio source in the Galactic plane which has
previously been identified as either a supernova remnant or an HII region.
Observations from the VLA Galactic Plane Survey at 1.4 GHz with a resolution of
1 arcmin allow the extent of G35.6-0.4 to be defined for the first time.
Comparison with other radio survey observations show that this source has a
non-thermal spectral index, with alpha -0.47 +/- 0.07. G35.6-0.4 does not have
obvious associated infra-red emission, so it is identified as a Galactic
supernova remnant, not an HII region. It is approximately 15 x 11 arcmin**2 in
extent, showing partial limb brightening.Comment: 4 pages, accepted by MNRA
Sustainable clothing: challenges, barriers and interventions for encouraging more sustainable consumer behaviour
Research with consumers has revealed limited awareness of the sustainability impact of clothing (Goworek et al., 2012). Semi-structured interviews conducted with a range of experts in sustainable clothing to increase understanding of the challenges for sustainable clothing revealed that a focus on sustainability alone will not drive the necessary changes in consumersâ clothing purchase, care and disposal behaviour for three reasons: (i) clothing sustainability is too complex; (ii) consumers are too diverse in their ethical concerns; and (iii) clothing is not an altruistic purchase. The findings identify the challenges that need to be addressed and the associated barriers for sustainable clothing. Interventions targeting consumers, suppliers, buyers and retailers are proposed that encourage more sustainable clothing production, purchase, care and disposal behaviour. These interventions range from normalising the design of sustainable clothing and increasing the ease of purchase, to shifting clothes washing norms and increasing upcycling, recycling and repair
Trial Forge Guidance 4 : A guideline for reporting the results of randomised Studies Within A Trial (SWATs)
Acknowledgements We would like to thank those members of the PROMETHEUS programme who are not explicitly named as authors of this publication, but who provided valuable input to the delivery and conduct of the programme within which the guideline development sat. PROMETHEUS programme members include co-authors CA, LK, AP, DB, CC, DD, SG, KG, CH, CS, DT, and ST and P Bower (University of Manchester), L Culliford (University of Bristol), L Doherty (University of York), and R Emsley (Kings College London). We would like to thank public contributors who provided input and comment on earlier versions of this work. We would also like to thank the authors of the previous guidelines for reporting of embedded recruitment trials for their advice and input in the early stages of guideline development and to the independent reviewers and trialists who offered comments and piloting of the draft guideline. Funding Development of the SWAT reporting guideline was initiated as part of The PROMoting THE Use of SWATs (PROMETHEUS) programme, funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) [grant number MR/R013748/1].Peer reviewe
'Singing for the Brain': a qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers
Dementia has detrimental effects on cognitive, psychological and behavioural functioning, as well as significant impact on those who provide care. There is a need to find suitable psychosocial interventions to help manage the condition, enhance well-being, and to provide support for caregivers. This study explored the impact of Singing for the Brainâą, an intervention based on group singing activities developed by The Alzheimerâs Society for people with dementia and their carers. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with people with dementia and their carers. Ten interviews involving 20 participants were analysed thematically. Social inclusiveness and improvements in relationships, memory and mood were found to be especially important to participants. As well as enjoying the sessions, participants found that attending Singing for the Brainâą helped in accepting and coping with dementia
A Sino-German 6cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane VII. Small supernova remnants
We study the spectral and polarization properties of supernova remnants
(SNRs) based on our 6cm survey data. The observations were taken from the
Sino-German 6cm polarization survey of the Galactic plane. By using the
integrated flux densities at 6cm together with measurements at other
wavelengths from the literature we derive the global spectra of 50 SNRs. In
addition, we use the observations at 6cm to present the polarization images of
24 SNRs. We derived integrated flux densities at 6cm for 51 small SNRs with
angular sizes less than 1 degree. Global radio spectral indices were obtained
in all the cases except for Cas A. For SNRs G15.1-1.6, G16.2-2.7, G16.4-0.5,
G17.4-2.3, G17.8-2.6, G20.4+0.1, G36.6+2.6, G43.9+1.6, G53.6-2.2, G55.7+3.4,
G59.8+1.2, G68.6-1.2, and G113.0+0.2, the spectra have been significantly
improved. From our analysis we argue that the object G16.8-1.1 is probably an
HII region instead of a SNR. Cas A shows a secular decrease in total intensity,
and we measured a flux density of 688+/-35 Jy at 6cm between 2004 and 2008.
Polarized emission from 25 SNRs were detected. For G16.2-2.7, G69.7+1.0,
G84.2-0.8 and G85.9-0.6, the polarized emission is detected for the first time
confirming them as SNRs. High frequency observations of SNRs are rare but
important to establish their spectra and trace them in polarization in
particular towards the inner Galaxy where Faraday effects are important.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in A&
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