“Hellere 1000 kram end én knytnæve”: Magtanvendelser og udviklingshæmmede på bo- og dagtilbud

Publikationen er en lettere omarbejdet masterafhandling fra 2017. Omdrejningspunktet for denne undersøgelse er en empirisk, teoretisk og historisk undersøgelse af magtanvendelser i forhold til voksne udviklingshæmmede på botilbud. Susanne Bay Sønderbæk er uddannet socialrådgiver, og har siden 1. januar 2014 været ansat i Socialtilsyn Midt, hvor hun fører tilsyn med botilbud. Herunder hvorvidt tilbuddene overholder lovgivningen og i den pædagogiske praksis arbejder forebyggende i forhold til magtanvendelser.Lise Usinger er uddannet pædagog, og er ansat som konsulent på et dag og døgntilbud for voksne udviklingshæmmede. Lise Usingers opgave er dels at klæde de ansatte på i forhold til lovgivning, etik og arbejdsmiljø dels at gennemgå og kvalitetssikre de magtanvendelser der indberettes fra tilbuddet.“Hellere 1000 kram end én knytnæve” er udgivet i serien 'Socialpædagogisk faglighed og voksne med psykisk/fysisk handicap' (serieredaktør: Søren Langager) under forskningsprogrammet ’Inklusion og eksklusion – i samfund, institution og pædagogisk praksis’ ved Danmarks institut for Pædagogik og Uddannelse (DPU), Aarhus Universitet

Issues and perspectives of fiber optic gyroscopes application in space technology

Разработана математическая модель системы «ротор - электромагнитные подшипники» для электродвигателя-маховика системы ориентации и стабилизации космического аппарата. Модель учитывает собственные частоты изгибных колебаний ротора и коэффициенты жесткости электромагнитных подшипников. Предложен способ повышения угловой жесткости системы путем применения многополюсного осевого электромагнитного подшипника и рассмотрено влияние его коэффициента жесткости на собственные частоты системы.The paper presents the mathematical model of «rotor - active magnetic bearings» system for reaction wheel used in spacecraft attitude control system. Developed model consider the natural frequencies of rotor bending oscillations and stiffness parameters of electromagnetic bearing. Method of angular stiffness increasing by using multipolar axial magnetic bearing is suggested and the results of impact analysis of multipolar axial magnetic bearing stiffness on resonance frequencies of system is considered

Neue Wege zu hochreaktiven Verbindungen

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Entwicklung neuer Methoden für die Synthese der bisher nicht zweifelsfrei nachgewiesenen C6H8-Isomere 1,2-Cyclohexadien und Cyclohexin sowie deren spektroskopischer Nachweis mit Hilfe der Matrixisolationsspektroskopie. Ab initio-Berechnungen der C6H8-Hyperfläche auf B3LYP/6-31G**-Niveau ergaben, daß es sich bei 1,2-Cyclohexadien um ein chirales, gespanntes Allen mit C1-Symmetrie und nicht -wie bisher angenommen- mit C2-Symmetrie handelt und die asymmetrische Streckschwingung der Allengruppierung von 1,2-Cyclohexadien verschwindend geringe Signalintensität aufweist. Deshalb kann die spektroskopische Identifikation nicht wie bisher angenommen anhand dieser Schwingung sondern muß durch intensitätsstarke Signale im fingerprint-Bereich erfolgen. Bei der Synthese von 1,2-Cyclohexadien wurden drei Strategien verfolgt. Als erstes fanden heterogene Gasphasen-Eliminierungen von Halogenverbindungen mit C8K statt. Bei Umsetzungen mit 1,6-Dibromcyclohexen konnte das intermediäre Auftreten von 1,2-Cyclohexadien anhand von Folgeprodukten nachgewiesen werden. Außerdem waren bei Matrixexperimenten Signale zu beobachten, die sich durch Vergleich mit Berechnungen 1,2-Cyclohexadien zuordnen ließen. Umsetzungen mit anderen Vorläufern lieferten keine Anzeichen für den direkten spektroskopischen Nachweis des cyclischen Allens. Die zweite Synthesestrategie war die pyrolytische Zersetzung thermisch labiler Vorläufermoleküle wie 11-Oxatricyclo[6, 2, 1, 0 2,7]undeca-2,9-dien. Die Pyrolyse wurde im Bereich zwischen 700 und 900°C untersucht, führte neben der Spaltung auch zur Isomerisierung der Ausgangsverbindung und belegte die zwischenzeitliche Bildung von 1,2-Cyclohexadien durch Folge- und Fragmentierungsprodukte. Eine direkte spektroskopische Beobachtung gelang aufgrund von Überlagerung mit anderen Signalen und der hohen Spaltungstemperaturen nicht. Pyrolyseexperimente mit anderen Vorläufern führten nicht zum gewünschten Ergebnis. Die dritte Synthesestrategie war die Addition von atomarem Kohlenstoff am [pi]-System von Cyclopenten, das über ein bicyclisches Carben zu 1,2-Cyclohexadien reagieren sollte. Eine Reaktion von C1 mit Cyclopenten ließ sich dabei nicht zweifelsfrei belegen. Die Synthese von Cyclohexin sollte durch [beta]-Eliminierung von 1,2-Dibromcyclohexen mit C8K erfolgen. Die Bildung von Folgeprodukten konnte das intermediäre Auftreten von Cyclohexin belegen, eine direkte spektroskopische Beobachtung gelang nicht. Auch die Durchführung pyrolytischer und photolytischer Spaltungsversuche führte nicht zum Ziel. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden außerdem Versuche zur Emission von Graphitpartikeln durchgeführt, die mit unterschiedlichen Substraten in einer Argon-Matrix zur Reaktion gebracht wurden. Die Verdampfung von Graphit erfolgte durch elektrische Funkenentladung. Als Produkte ließen sich im IR-Spektrum alle bisher bekannten offenkettigen und cyclischen neutralen und anionischen Kumulene sowie einige Kumulenoxide und Stickstoff-Heterokumulene nachweisen. Erwärmung der Matrix führte zur Bildung größerer Cluster. C1 und C2 konnten anhand ihrer Folgeprodukte nachgewiesen werden. Cokondensation mit CO führte überwiegend zu Kumulenmono- und -dioxiden. Bei der Cokondensation mit N2 bildeten sich hauptsächlich Kohlenstoff-Stickstoff-Verbindungen, wobei C1N2- gefolgt von C2N2-Verbindungen die Hauptprodukte darstellten. Darüber hinaus gelang es, Verbindungen der Graphitemission zu isolieren und in Stickstoff als Matrixmaterial spektroskopisch zu charakterisieren. Die Cokondensation mit Ethylen führte zur Bildung von Allen und Propin und belegte die selektive Reaktion mit C1. Ob es dabei zur Addition von C1 an das [pi]-System oder zur CH-Insertion gekommen war, konnte nicht bestimmt werden. Die Umsetzung mit Acetylen führte durch CH-Insertion selektiv zu Propargylen. Durch Bestrahlung mit Licht der Wellenlänge [lambda] = 313 nm ließ es sich reversibel in Vinylidencarben überführen. Andere C3H2-Isomere konnten nicht beobachtet werden

The spectrum of intermediate SCN8A-related epilepsy

Objective: Pathogenic variants in SCN8A have been associated with a wide spectrum of epilepsy phenotypes, ranging from benign familial infantile seizures (BFIS) to epileptic encephalopathies with variable severity. Furthermore, a few patients with intellectual disability (ID) or movement disorders without epilepsy have been reported. The vast majority of the published SCN8A patients suffer from severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In this study, we aimed to provide further insight on the spectrum of milder SCN8A-related epilepsies. Methods: A cohort of 1095 patients were screened using a next generation sequencing panel. Further patients were ascertained from a network of epilepsy genetics clinics. Patients with severe DEE and BFIS were excluded from the study. Results: We found 36 probands who presented with an SCN8A-related epilepsy and normal intellect (33%) or mild (61%) to moderate ID (6%). All patients presented with epilepsy between age 1.5 months and 7 years (mean = 13.6 months), and 58% of these became seizure-free, two-thirds on monotherapy. Neurological disturbances included ataxia (28%) and hypotonia (19%) as the most prominent features. Interictal electroencephalogram was normal in 41%. Several recurrent variants were observed, including Ile763Val, Val891Met, Gly1475Arg, Gly1483Lys, Phe1588Leu, Arg1617Gln, Ala1650Val/Thr, Arg1872Gln, and Asn1877Ser. Significance: With this study, we explore the electroclinical features of an intermediate SCN8A-related epilepsy with mild cognitive impairment, which is for the majority a treatable epilepsy.Peer reviewe

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

: Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants

Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.Peer reviewe

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation