Salud mental, derechos, ciudadanía: la oficina de abogacía como agencia para la inclusión social

A Reforma Psiquiátrica discute questões relacionadas à inclusão dos loucos no mundo, tomando como projeto principal a construção da cidadania, ante a reconstrução dos Direitos, reconhecendo que os doentes mentais se encontram em condição de exclusão, pela própria condição, pelo trabalho e fragilidade social. O Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Professor Luiz da Rocha Cerqueira pretende interferir na condição de excluído do doente mental, por meio de projetos, entre eles o Escritório, que é um dispositivo de agenciamento social, promotor de alianças, que proporciona a possibilidade de os indivíduos atingirem patamares cada vez mais elevados de gerenciamento de suas vidas. Este estudo teve como objetivos principais caracterizar o usuário do Escritório e verificar a importância dessa intervenção para eles. Foram realizadas entrevistas com quatro usuários, os quais avaliaram o serviço, compreendendo que ele facilita a inserção no mundo dos direitos e, portanto, pode ser considerado como importante tecnologia em saúde mental.The Psychiatric Reform discusses issues related to the inclusion of individuals that suffer from mental disorders, having as its main project the construction of citizenship through the reconstruction of their rights and recognizing that mentally ill individuals are in a condition of exclusion because of their very condition, the work and the social fragility. The Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Prof. Luiz da Rocha Cerqueira intends to interfere in the exclusion condition of mentally ill individuals through a number of projects, among them its Law Office, a social service agent that, by promoting alliances, offers to its users the possibility to reach higher and higher levels of management of their lives. The purpose of this study was to characterize the users of the Law Office and verify the importance of such intervention to them. Four users were interviewed and were asked to evaluate the service. They showed understanding of the fact that the service makes their insertion into the world of rights easier and therefore may be considered an important technology in mental health.La Reforma Psiquiátrica discute cuestiones relacionadas a la inclusión de los locos en el mundo, tomando como proyecto principal la construcción de la ciudadanía, por medio de la reconstrucción de los Derechos, reconociendo que los enfermos mentales se encuentran en condición de exclusión, por la propia condición, por el trabajo y fragilidad social. El Centro de Atención Psicosocial Profesor Luiz da Rocha Cerqueira pretende interferir en la condición de excluido del enfermo mental, por medio de proyectos, entre ellos la Oficina, que es un dispositivo de agenciamento social, promotor de alianzas, que proporciona la posibilidad de que los individuos alcancen niveles cada vez más elevados de gerenciamiento de sus vidas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos principales caracterizar al usuario de la Oficina y verificar la importancia que tiene para ellos esa intervención. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas con cuatro usuarios, los cuales evaluaron el servicio, comprendiendo que él facilita la inserción en el mundo de los derechos y, por tanto, puede ser considerado como una importante tecnología en salud mental

Reduced protein for late-lactation dairy cows

Excess protein in dairy cattle diets unnecessarily increases the cost of production and may contribute to environmental pollution. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy cows with two levels of dietary protein on animal performance and manure characteristics. Two experiments were carried out with 24 lactating dairy cows each. Experiment 1 was corn silage based and had a control TMR (HP1) estimated to contain 16.5% CP with SBM and treatment TMR (LP1; 13.5% CP) using DDGS and rumen protected Lys and Met. Experiment 2 was ryegrass haylage based and had a control TMR (HP2) with 15.5% CP with Met and a treatment TMR (LP2) with 13.5% CP with Lys and Met. Experiments were analyzed as a crossover design using the MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Experiment 1 had no significant difference between treatments in DMI (21.0 for HP1 and 20.4 kg/cow/d for LP1; P=0.46) and milk yield (20.7 for HP1 and 20.5 kg/cow/d for LP1; P=0.91). Percentage of milk components averaged 4.21, 3.72, 4.54, and 9.15, respectively for fat, protein, lactose, and solids non-fat (P\u3e0.60). Milk urea nitrogen (MUN) decreased (P\u3c0.01) from 17.2 with HP1 to 9.93 mg/dL with LP1. Manure pH was significantly higher for HP1 than LP1 (7.87 and 7.53 respectively, P\u3c0.05). Experiment 2 had no significant difference in cow performance (DMI: 21.4 for HP2 and 20.9 kg/cow/d for LP2; P=0.51; milk yield: 26.4 for HP and 24.4 kg/cow/d for LP2; P=0.19; percentage of milk components averaged 3.48, 3.29 and 4.71, respectively for fat, protein and lactose; P\u3e0.30; MUN decreased (P\u3c0.01) from 9.85 with HP2 to 6.40 mg/dL with LP2). Manure pH was significantly higher for HP2 than LP2 (7.50 for HP and 7.13 for LP, P=0.05). There was no difference in volatilized N between HP2 and LP2. This experiment suggests that performance of late-lactation dairy cows can be maintained with low-protein DDG based diets supplemented with Lys and Met

ENERGY AND PROTEIN EFFICIENCY OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS FED GROUND PEAS, CANOLA MEAL AND RUMEN-PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS

Forages as conserved silage or grass cannot supply enough nutrients and energy as required by lactating dairy cows. As a result, supplementation with grains is needed to provide animals with enough nutrients to be healthy and produce milk being profitable (NRC, 2001). High producing cows need protein supplementation from sources other than forages in order to maximize milk protein production, with emphasis on replenishing requirements for specific amino acids. Excessive protein in the diet or deficiency of an essential amino acid can reduce productivity and increase excretion of N to the environment, causing pollution. Research must be conducted to help dairy farmers make informed decisions about the use of alternative protein supplements as a way to improve farm profitability, optimize protein and energy utilization and increase knowledge about environmental pollution. Therefore, strategies to reduce feed costs through sourcing lower-cost, yet high nutritional value feed ingredients, may optimize milk production enhancing the economic and social sustainability of dairy farming in the Northeast U.S. Therefore, the 2 research areas identified as the main focuses of this dissertation were: 1) development of a proof of concept technique to determine dry matter intake (DMI) for animals on pasture, and 2) improvement of economic and nutrient use efficiencies when feeding ground field peas (GFP), an alternative feedstuff, in order to decrease costs of dairy rations. In the first step, a proof of concept technique was developed to estimate energy requirements and DMI of lactating Holstein cows in a tie stall. The objective of this technique was to create a methodology to use spot short-term measurements of CH4 (QCH4) and CO2 (QCO2) integrated with backward dietary energy partition calculations to estimate DMI. Twelve multiparous cows averaging 173 ± 37 days in milk and 4 primiparous cows averaging 179 ± 27 days in milk were blocked by days in milk, parity, and DMI (as a percentage of body weight) and, within each block, randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: ad libitum intake (AL) or restricted intake (RI = 90% DMI) according to a crossover design. Each experimental period lasted 22 d with 14 d for treatments adaptation and 8 d for data and sample collection. Diets contained (DM basis): 40% corn silage, 12% grass-legume haylage, and 48% concentrate. Spot short-term gas measurements were taken in 5-min sampling periods from 15 cows (1 cow refused sampling) using a portable automated open circuit gas quantification system (GreenFeed, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) with intervals of 12 h between the 2 daily samples. Sampling points were advanced 2 h from a day to the next to yield 16 gas samples/cow over 8 d to account for diurnal variation in QCH4 and QCO2. The following equations were used sequentially to estimate DMI: 1) Heat production (HP) (MJ/d) = (4.96 + 16.07 ÷ respiratory quotient) × QCO2; respiratory quotient = 0.95; 2) Metabolizable energy intake (MJ/d) = (heat production + milk-energy) ± tissue energy balance; 3) Digestible energy (DE) intake (MJ/d) = metabolizable energy + CH4-energy + urinary-energy; 4) Gross energy (GE) intake (MJ/d) = DE + [(DE ÷ in vitro true dry matter digestibility) – DE]; and 5) DMI (kg/d) = GE intake estimated ÷ diet GE concentration. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and Fit Model procedure in JMP (α = 0.05). Cows significantly differed in measured DMI (23.8 vs. 22.4 kg/d for AL and RI, respectively; P \u3c 0.01). Dry matter intake estimated using QCH4 and QCO2 coupled with dietary backward energy partition calculations (equations 1 to 5 above) was highest in cows fed for AL (22.5 vs. 20.2 kg/d). The resulting R2 were 0.28 between measured DMI and estimated by gaseous measurements and 0.36 between measured and DMI predicted by the NRC (2001). Results showed that spot short-term measurements of QCH4 and QCO2 coupled with dietary backward estimations of energy partitions underestimated DMI by 7.8%. However, the approach proposed herein was able to significantly discriminate differences in DMI between cows fed for AL or RI. The second focus of this dissertation was aimed to decrease feed costs while improving nutrient efficiency in dairy cows. Ground field peas are an adequate source of energy and protein compared to corn meal and soybean meal (SBM) that could be used as an alternative feedstuff in order to decrease feeding costs. Field peas are available for feed in the northern regions of the United States and Canada. Previous studies showed that diets with more than 25% GFP, DM basis) resulted in reduced milk and milk protein yield in dairy cows. Decreased yields may be caused by limited supplies of MP-Lys and MP-Met due to extensive degradation of GFP RDP in the rumen and we hypothesize that cows fed with GFP supplemented with RP Lys and RP Met will maintain performance when compared to a diet with corn meal and soybean meal supplemented with RP Lys and Met. The objective of this study was to compare a source of non-protein N (i.e. urea) vs. a source of soluble true protein (i.e. GFP) and evaluate diets with 25% of GFP supplemented with rumen-protected (RP) Lys (AjiPro-L, Ajinomoto, Japan) and Met (Smartamine-M, Adisseo, France) as a substitute for corn meal and SBM on animal performance and energy balance. Twelve multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked by days in milk, milk yield and parity, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Diets were 35.5% corn silage, 15.5% grass-legume haylage, 5.9% roasted soybean, and: (1) 36% corn meal and 1.3% urea (3.59:1 MP-Lys:MP-Met ratio; negative control (U), (2) 29.7% corn meal, 9.8% SBM, and RP-Lys RP-Met (3.07:1 MP-Lys:MP-Met ratio (CSAA), (3) 25% GFP, 12.3% corn meal, and 2.4% SBM (3.88:1 MP-Lys:MP-Met ratio; FP), and (4) 25% GFP, 12.2% corn meal, 2.4% SBM, and RP-Lys RP-Met (3.13:1 MP-Lys:MP-Met ratio; FPAA). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with orthogonal contrasts for pairwise comparisons between treatments (α = 0.05). Dietary treatments had 15.4%, 15.1%, 14.9% and 15.0% CP, respectively for U, CSAA, FP and FPAA. As expected, cows fed U had decreased DMI (23.3 kg vs. 24.6 kg/d, P \u3c 0.01), milk protein yield (1.15 kg vs. 1.21 kg/d, P \u3c 0.001), total concentration of ruminal VFA (103 mM vs. 112 mM, P \u3c 0.001), HP (129 MJ/d vs. 141 MJ/d, P \u3c 0.001), NDF digestibility (30.2% vs. 46.0%, P \u3c 0.01), ADF digestibility (37.6% 50.4%, P \u3c 0.02), total purines derivatives (343 mmol/d vs 414 mmol/d, P \u3c 0.01), and highest excretion of MUN (9.85 mg/dL vs. 9.09 mg/dL, P \u3c 0.01) when compared to cows fed FP. Cows fed FP had decreased plasma concentration of Met (19.6 mM). Feeding cows CSAA and FPAA mitigated these negative responses. Cows fed FPAA had positive tissue energy balance, higher HP and consequently higher metabolizable energy intake when compared to CSAA diet. In addition, increased milk yield was correlated to a decrease in HP (R2 = 0.329, n = 16 observations). Results showed that feeding FPAA increased HP and milk protein yield to levels compared to cows fed CSAA. Results suggest that feeding diets with 25% GFP and RP-Lys and RP-Met will improve animal performance and energy efficiency. When cows were fed FPAA, a decrease in plasma His concentration was found compared to CSAA. Cows fed FPAA could, then, be limiting in His, which could have caused a decrease in milk protein production. Results from the literature show that feeding RP-Met can cause a decrease in the plasma concentration of EAA for reasons that still need to be studied. Canola meal is a good alternative to SBM that has potential to mitigate the effect on AA concentration in plasma. Previous studies reported increased plasma concentrations of most EAA when feeding CAM, mostly due to an increase in DMI, but research feeding GFP and CAM with RP Met have never been performed. The hypothesis of this study was that cows fed GFP with CAM and RP Met would have higher milk protein percentage and yield when compared to cows fed 25% GFP, SBM and RP Met due to an increase in DMI and consequent increase in plasma AA concentration. The objectives of this study were to compare lactating production responses of cows fed diets with (DM basis) 35.0% Corn silage, 14.0% grass-legume silage, 25% GFP, 1.5% citrus pulp, and corn meal, flaked corn and dry distillers grains in variable amounts with 1) SBM (11%) as the major source of supplemental protein, (FPSB diet), 2) CAM (13.5%) as the major source of supplemental protein (FPCM diet). For each experimental diet, RP Met was top dressed to half of the cows (27 g/d) to result in a total of 4 treatments: 1) FPSB diet with no RP Met supplemented, 2) FPSB diet with supplementation of RP Met, 3) FPCM diet with no RP Met supplemented and 4) FPCM diet with supplementation of RP Met. Twelve multiparous and 4 primiparous lactating Holstein cows were blocked by DIM, milk yield and parity, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and pairwise tests for protein source and supplementation or not of RP Met was performed (α = 0.05). Cows fed FPCM had higher DMI and milk yield when compared to cows fed FPSB. No effect on DMI and milk yield was observed for supplementation of RP Met. Cows produced milk with higher concentration of protein when supplemented with RP Met, but RP Met had no effect on milk protein yield. On the other hand, cows fed FPCM had higher yield of milk protein when compared to cows fed FPSB. No difference was found for milk fat and lactose concentrations between diets and addition of RP Met. Milk true N efficiency (Milk true N ÷ N intake) was higher and MUN was lower for cows fed FPCM compared to cows fed FPSB, showing that overall N efficiency of cows fed FPCM was better. Results show that CAM will increase N efficiency and increase milk and milk protein yield when fed to diets with 25% GFP, as a result of higher DMI

The main leachate emissions of uncontrolled landfills

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, Perfil de Engenharia SanitáriaOne of the biggest current problems is the proper management of solid waste and other waste streams. All types of waste have a potential pollutant affecting soil resources and water resources, mainly in landfills that may not have adequate protection measures and do not know the waste placed in them. Through the study on laboratory scale it is possible to check which potential emissions to the level of leachates of uncontrolled landfills. The leachates can be compared. It is possible to say which ones have more heavy metals and organic fraction emissions. This study analyzed samples of leachate from two landfill waste in North-East Italy, near Verona, two old uncontrolled landfills. The leachate samples come from the simulation of biological reactors, operated in aerobic and anaerobic condition. The leachates were characterized in terms of pH, heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni Pb, Zn, As and Hg and organic fraction (TOC, TKN and NO3). The heavy metal and organic fraction concentrations were found low in order of micrograms, and in the organic fraction in order of milligrams, per litre of leachates. In general, the concentrations in the anaerobic bioreactors were higher than in the aerobic bioreactors. The study showed that pH is a very important factor regarding the mobility of the metals in the leachate. The quality of the leachates in study have little potential for water pollution since they exhibit basic pH values (around 8), even if the residues are saturated, that is, the ability of field reached

Rap Kriol(u) O Pan-Africanismo de Cabral na Música de Intervenção Juvenil na Guiné-Bissau e em Cabo Verde

nos anos de 1990, com a vaga de democratização na Guiné-Bissau e em Cabo-Verde, quer o PAIGC quer o PAICV, partidos tidos como “força, luz e guia do povo”, perdem esse estatuto, pondo fim simultaneamente à cadeia de domesticação dos espíritos, precipitando assim uma descoletivização social das organizações juvenis sob o prisma comunista. Isto fez com que os jovens reinventassem formas de sociabilidades no seio dos grupos de pares, num contexto marcado pela globalização e afro-americanização do mundo, em que a cultura hip-hop, através do seu elemento oral, o rap, aparece como veículo da liberdade de expressão e de protesto dos grupos urbanos em situação de maior precariedade. Este artigo pretende analisar de que forma os jovens guineenses e cabo-verdianos recontextualizaram através do rap, na nova conjuntura dos dois países, o discurso pan-africanista e nacionalista de Amílcar Cabral, tendo em conta o risco de branqueamento da memória coletiva e histórica; a suposta traição dos seus ideais pelos atuais políticos dirigentes; a necessidade de o resgatar enquanto guia do povo; e de representá-lo como um MC (mensageiro da verdade)

Práticas informacionais das mães de crianças alérgicas

Objectives. It is questioned how the information practices of mothers of children with food allergies influence their daily life, with the general aim of analyzing these practices under the social paradigm of Information Science.Method. The methodology adopted is the qualitative and the method is the application of semi-structured in-depth interviews. Seven mothers of children with food allergies were interviewed. The data were analyzed applying the two-dimensional information practices model proposed by McKenzie and the extended version of it stated by Yeoman.Results. From the interviews, information practices adopted by mothers were identified and coded. Each of the codes was related to the models adopted.Conclusions. It was possible to observe the existence of all modes and phases present in the models. It was also possible to observe the relevance of the mothers’ information practices to maintain the quality of life for their allergic children.biblioteca.Objetivos. Se cuestiona cómo las prácticas informativas de madres de niños con alergias alimentarias influyen en su vida cotidiana, con el objetivo general de analizar estas prácticas bajo el paradigma social de las Ciencias de la Información.Método. La metodología adoptada es la cualitativa y el método es la aplicación de entrevistas semi-estructuradas en profundidad. Siete madres de niños con alergias alimentarias fueron entrevistadas. Los datos fueron analizados aplicando el modelo de prácticas de información bidimensional propuesto por McKenzie y la versión extendida del mismo establecida por Yeoman.Resultados. De las entrevistas se identificaron y codificaron las prácticas informativas adoptadas por las madres. Cada uno de los códigos estaba relacionado con los modelos adoptados.Conclusiones. Se pudo observar la existencia de todos los modos y fases presentes en los modelos. También se pudo observar la pertinencia de las prácticas informativas de las madres para mantener la calidad de vida de sus hijos alérgicos.Objetivos. Questiona como as práticas informacionais de mães de crianças com alergias alimentárias influem em sua vida quotidiana, com o objetivo geral de analisar estas práticas baixo o paradigma social das Ciências da Informação. Método. A metodologia adotada é a qualitativa e o método é a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade. Sete mães de crianças com alergias alimentárias foram entrevistadas. Os dados foram analisados aplicando o modelo de práticas informacionais bidimensional proposto por McKenzie e a versão estendida do mesmo estabelecida por Yeoman. Resultados. Nas entrevistas identificaram-se e codificaron as práticas informacionais adotadas pelas mães. Cada um dos códigos estava relacionado com os modelos adotados. Conclusões. Pôde ser observado a existência de todos os modos e fases presentes nos modelos. Também pôde ser observado a pertinência das práticas informacionais das mães para manter a qualidade de vida de seus filhos alérgicos