Mass production studies in solid substrates with the entomopathogenic fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum

The objective of this study was to evaluate several substrates to determine the optimal condition of entomopathogenic mass production with the purpose of developing a mycoinsecticide to be used for an integrated pest management. Conidial quality and yield for two isolates of Purpureocillium lilacinum were determined. For quality parameters assessment, germination and purity percentage and viability of conidia were determined. For the production parameters, the conidial yield was calculated. The main results obtained show the type of substrate that had the greatest effect on the viability, germination and yield of conidia of P. lilacinum. The substrate that presented the highest production of conidia per gram was rice, showing 2.1×109 for isolate JQ926212 and 1.6×109 for JQ926223. In the particulate substrates, the percentage purity was about 99%, while in powder substrate, the percentage purity was low with values ranging from 23 to 75%. The highest percentage of moisture content was about 40% for rice and wheat, while for maize meal and vermiculite the percentage was close to 20%. In conclusion, P. lilacinum can be mass multiplied in rice grains and vermiculite.Fil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación en Micología y Micotoxicología; Argentin

Prácticas socio-comunitarias: aportes a la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la microbiología

El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar cómo la implementación de Prácticas Socio- Comunitarias (PSC) produjo un impacto positivo tanto en el proceso de enseñanza como en el proceso de aprendizaje de la Microbiología General y Ambiental. En el trabajo se demostró que la participación de los estudiantes en estas prácticas dotó a los mismos no sólo de competencias disciplinares posibilitando la transferencia de los saberes adquiridos en las asignaturas, sino también que despertó su motivación intrínseca promoviendo la formación socio-crítica y una mejor compresión de la complejidad disciplinar. Desde el punto de vista del proceso de enseñanza, la inclusión de las PSC al currículo puso en evidencia la necesidad de revisar nuestras prácticas docentes y despojarnos de modelos de enseñanza heredados con una fuerte tendencia a enseñar desde una visión lineal, tecnicista y academicista. Además, las PSC permitieron subsanar ausencias u omisiones en nuestros discursos como docentes en la enseñanza de nuestra disciplina que es la Microbiología. Como docentes de esta querida Universidad es nuestra obligación reafirmar con prácticas como éstas, el compromiso contraído con la sociedad de formar sujetos no solo dotados de aptitudes que colmen las expectativas de la demanda del mercado laboral sino también dotarlos de actitudes que lo comprometan con la realidad social.Fil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Montemarani, Analía Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentin

Studies on possible modes of action and tolerance to environmental stress conditions of different biocontrol agents of foliar diseases in maize

The present study evaluates the possible modes of action of antagonistic bacteria and their tolerance to UV radiation, temperature and osmotic stress. The partial 16S-23S rRNA gene sequencing of eight antagonistic bacteria had a high match with three bacterial genera: Curtobacterium, Pantoea and Bacillus. In this study, the three Bacillus isolates showed the most relevant production of enzymes, volatile organic compounds and antibiosis against Exserohilum turcicum. Respect to UV radiation and temperature Pantoea and Bacillus isolates were more tolerant; whereas the eight isolates were tolerant to osmotic stress in varying degree. The three Bacillus isolates have the greatest potential as biocontrol agents for foliar diseases in maize. The antagonistic action could be explained through different modes of action such as enzymes, volatile organic compounds and/or direct antibiosis by other secondary metabolites. Bacillus isolates tolerance to environmental stresses including UV radiation, temperature and osmotic stress is relevant for survival and persistence on the leaf surface. This work provides new information about the mode of action of antagonistic bacteria with proven efficacy against maize leaf pathogens. In addition, it provides information about the tolerance of antagonistic bacteria against different stress conditions. The data of the present study could contribute to the development of a successful foliar biofungicide.Fil: Sartori, Melina Victoria. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Bonacci, Martin Miguel. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fessia, Alumine Soledad. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles. The results of this systematic analysis suggest that the global burden of cancer is substantial and growing, with burden differing by SDI. These results provide comprehensive and comparable estimates that can potentially inform efforts toward equitable cancer control around the world.Funding/Support: The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities. Dr Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management of Kuwait University and the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Dr Bhaskar acknowledges institutional support from the NSW Ministry of Health and NSW Health Pathology. Dr Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Dr Braithwaite acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health/ National Cancer Institute. Dr Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council ERC Starting Grant agreement No 848325. Dr Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, IP under the Norma Transitória grant DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Dr Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). Dr Glasbey is supported by a National Institute of Health Research Doctoral Research Fellowship. Dr Vivek Kumar Gupta acknowledges funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council Australia. Dr Haque thanks Jazan University, Saudi Arabia for providing access to the Saudi Digital Library for this research study. Drs Herteliu, Pana, and Ausloos are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Dr Hugo received support from the Higher Education Improvement Coordination of the Brazilian Ministry of Education for a sabbatical period at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, between September 2019 and August 2020. Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges funding by a National Heart Foundation of Australia Fellowship and National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship. Dr Jakovljevic acknowledges support through grant OI 175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Dr Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00022/2), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU17). Dr Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh. Dr Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Dr Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional support from Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación, which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. Dr Loureiro was supported by national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia under the Scientific Employment Stimulus–Institutional Call (CEECINST/00049/2018). Dr Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Dr Moosavi appreciates NIGEB's support. Dr Pati acknowledges support from the SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation & Research. Dr Rakovac acknowledges a grant from the government of the Russian Federation in the context of World Health Organization Noncommunicable Diseases Office. Dr Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Dr Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Drs Adithi Shetty and Unnikrishnan acknowledge support given by Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education. Dr Pavanchand H. Shetty acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their research support. Dr Diego Augusto Santos Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq (302028/2018-8). Dr Zhu acknowledges the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas grant RP210042

In vitro compatibility of natural and food grade fungicide and insecticide substances with Purpureocillium lilacinum and their effect against Aspergillus flavus

The objective of our study was to evaluate the compatibility of 21 Purpureocillium lilacinum strains with two benzoic acids 2(3)-tert-butyl-4 hydroxyanisole (BHA) and 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-p-cresol (BHT) and two phenolic acids 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid (CA) and trans-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (FA) applied alone or in combination, at different water activities. The impact of chemical substances and entomopathogenic fungi combination on growth parameters and toxin production of Aspergillus section Flavi in vitro was analyzed. BHT, the mixture BHA + BHT, CA and BHA did not significantly influence the count of viable spores of the 21 P. lilacinum strains. The strains JQ926202 and JQ926222 showed compatibility with the four treatments evaluated. The 21 P. lilacinum strains and the mixture of these entomopathogenic fungi with BHA (1 mM) increased the lag phase and inhibited the growth rate and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus at three aw assayed.Fil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Efficacy of 2, 6-di (t-butyl)-p-cresol (BHT) and the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum, to control Tribolium confusum and to reduce aflatoxin B1 in stored maize

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with the entomopathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and the antioxidant BHT alone or combined in sublethal doses and at different water activity (aW) levels, as insecticides and/or fungicide in sterile maize. Effect on accumulation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was also evaluated. In addition, we studied the resilience of P. lilacinum in maize grains and the effect of the treatments on Aspergillus flavus populations and on Tribolium confusum, an insect pest vector of aflatoxigenic fungi. The combined treatment showed approximately 80% of insecticidal efficacy at all of the tested aW levels. A low incidence and prevention of contamination with A. flavus was observed in the live insects under all of the tested conditions. The A. flavus populations increased significantly at the end of the incubation period in all of the treatments. However, P. lilacinum populations showed no significant differences, when compared to the control treatment, in the presence of the toxigenic fungus. Maximum levels of AFB1 reduction (of around 90%) were observed after treating maize with the combination of P. lilacinum + BHT. Thus the obtained results prove that the treatment of combination was the most effective and show that it is a promising strategy for an integrated management of pests in stored maize.Fil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentin

Isolation and Identification of possible entomopathogenic fungi and their evaluation of their effectiveness against Tribolium confusum, Sitophilus zea mais and Rhyzoperta dominica, vectors of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored maize

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify native entomopathogenic fungi from different components of maize agroecosystem, and evaluate their virulence against Tribolium confusum, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Sitophilus zeamais, three insect pest vectors of aflatoxigenic fungi. Paecilomyces and Metarhizium were the most abundant genera isolated from the soil. Identifi- cation of fungal cultures by DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing showed that all isolates macro- and micromorphological identified as P. lilacinus were Purpureocillium lilacinum. The isolate JQ926223 showed the lowest LT50 for T. confusum (4, 66 days) and R. dominica (9, 38 days), and the isolate JQ926212 demonstrated similar LT50 for the three insects evaluated between the range of 11, 7 to 14, 95 days. Maximum mortality rate was observed for the isolate JQ926223. The isolates of Purpureocillium lilacinum JQ926223 and JQ926212 may be considered good candidates for biologic control in the ecosystem of stored maize.Fil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rosso, L.. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; ItaliaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effects of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate different doses of butylated hydroxytoleuene (BHT) against the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleptera: Tenebrionidae). The effects on feeding behavior, growth, food consumption and total protein content of insects treated with different doses (1.48, 3.18, 6.36 and 9.54 mg g-1) of BHT were evaluated. Antifeedant activity was observed only at 1.48 mg g-1in the choice assay, with a feeding deterrence index (FDI) of 0.41; this concentration also deterred feeding by 41.6%. All treatments showed feeding suppression index (FSI) and feeding inhibition index (FII) as <0, suggesting that the insects were dissuaded from eating and moved away even at the lowest doses. Repellency was observed at 1.48 mg g-1. All insects were alive at the lowest dose, whereas mortality ranged from 40 to 86% between 3.10 and 9.50 mg g-1. Food intake was reduced at the lowest dose. Adults exposed to a diet containing BHT showed significantly lower efficiency of conversion (ECI) than the untreated insects, indicating that more food was metabolized for energy and less was converted to body mass. The treated insects lost more than half of their initial weights. The protein content of insects exposed to 1.48 mg g-1of BHT was similar to that of untreated insects. This study contributes to understanding the feeding behavior of T. confusum and facilitates the management of this insect in stored products.Fil: Barra, Paula Sabina. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Ecología Microbiana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: García, Daiana. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Ecología Microbiana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Etcheverry, Miriam Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Ecología Microbiana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Barros, Germán Gustavo. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Ecología Microbiana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Nesci, Andrea Verónica. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología. Cátedra de Ecología Microbiana; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentin