226 research outputs found
Scanning electrochemical microscopy as a local probe of oxygen permeability in cartilage
The use of scanning electrochemical microscopy, a high-resolution chemical imaging technique, to probe the distribution and mobility of solutes in articular cartilage is described. In this application, a mobile ultramicroelectrode is positioned close (not, vert, similar1 ÎŒm) to the cartilage sample surface, which has been equilibrated in a bathing solution containing the solute of interest. The solute is electrolyzed at a diffusion-limited rate, and the current response measured as the ultramicroelectrode is scanned across the sample surface. The topography of the samples was determined using Ru(CN)64â, a solute to which the cartilage matrix was impermeable. This revealed a number of pit-like depressions corresponding to the distribution of chondrocytes, which were also observed by atomic force and light microscopy. Subsequent imaging of the same area of the cartilage sample for the diffusion-limited reduction of oxygen indicated enhanced, but heterogeneous, permeability of oxygen across the cartilage surface. In particular, areas of high permeability were observed in the cellular and pericellular regions. This is the first time that inhomogeneities in the permeability of cartilage toward simple solutes, such as oxygen, have been observed on a micrometer scale
Paléosismicité en Auvergne à travers l'étude régionale comparée des enregistrements sédimentaires lacustres au Mont-Dore.
National audienceLâoccurrence de sĂ©ismes en domaine continental peut ĂȘtre enregistrĂ©e au sein des bassinslacustres Ă travers une grande variĂ©tĂ© de dĂ©pĂŽts sĂ©dimentaires reliĂ©s Ă diffĂ©rents processus gravi- taires.A ce titre, les archives lacustres confrontĂ©es Ă un fort alĂ©a sismique peuvent ĂȘtre assimilĂ©es Ă dessismomĂštres naturels et leur comprĂ©hension sâavĂšre essentielle pour recenser des sĂ©ismes historiques afindâĂ©valuer le risque prĂ©sent et futur.Aujourdâhui, le zonage sismique de la France continentale montre une sismicitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©evoire forte au sein des principales chaĂźnes de montagne. Parmi elles, la rĂ©gion volcanique des MontsDore permet de sâintĂ©resser Ă des systĂšmes lacustres trĂšs contrastĂ©s, tant sur le plan limnologique,gĂ©omorphologique, que dans leur degrĂ© dâanthropisation au cours du dernier millĂ©naire. Dans cetobjectif, une approche rĂ©gionale comparĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur quatre sites entourant le massif du Sancy,incluant au total deux lacs de maar (Pavin et Chauvet) et deux lacs de barrage volcanique (GuĂ©ry etMontcineyre). Cette Ă©tude sâappuie sur une caractĂ©risation des remplissages sĂ©dimentaires via unecartographie acoustique par sismique rĂ©flexion et des analyses multi-paramĂštres Ă haute rĂ©solution(radiographies, XRF, spectrophotomĂ©trie...) complĂ©tĂ©es par des datations au radiocarbone sur descarottes sĂ©dimentaires.La lecture des profils sismiques permet dâidentifier des faciĂšs acoustiques chaotiques assimilĂ©sĂ des dĂ©pĂŽts en masse de type slumps et/ou turbidites. En complĂ©ment, les analyses multiparamĂštrespermettent de discriminer une sĂ©dimentation Ă©vĂšnementielle dâune sĂ©dimentation de fonddont les flux semblent reliĂ©s Ă lâanthropisation du milieu (GuĂ©ry, Montcineyre et Chauvet). Enfin,les modĂšles dâĂąges rĂ©alisĂ©s Ă partir des datations radiocarbones relient une part de ces Ă©vĂšnements Ă la sismicitĂ© historique de la rĂ©gion, comme la rĂ©currence dâĂ©vĂšnements sĂ©dimentaires au sein des archivesde GuĂ©ry et Pavin durant le XIXĂšme siĂšcle, pĂ©riode durant laquelle lâactivitĂ© sismique au Mont-Doreet au sud de la faille de la Limagne Ă©tait assez intense. De maniĂšre similaire, des Ă©vĂšnements synchronesdatĂ©s aux alentours de lâan 1300 ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©pertoriĂ©s au sein des quatre lacs, soulignant un facteur dedĂ©clenchement tectonique rĂ©gional jusquâalors non recensĂ©. NĂ©anmoins, lâenregistrement de cettepĂ©riode de sismicitĂ© est contrastĂ© en raison dâeffet de sites importants et trĂšs diffĂ©rents dâun systĂšmeĂ lâautre. Les principales raisons invoquĂ©es concernent la morphologie subaquatique (degrĂ© depentes, architecture sĂ©dimentaire), la cohĂ©sion du sĂ©diment ainsi que le degrĂ© dâanthropisation dumilieu, trois paramĂštres qui semblent influencer la stabilitĂ© du matĂ©riel sĂ©dimentaire et doncconditionner la gĂ©nĂ©ration de glissements en masse durant des Ă©pisodes sismiques
Holocene land-use evolution and associated soil erosion in the French Prealps inferred from Lake Paladru sediments and archaeological evidences
International audienceA source-to-sink multi-proxy approach has been performed within Lake Paladru (492 m a.s.l., French Prealps) catchment and a six-meter long sediment sequence retrieved from the central lacustrine basin. The combination of minerogenic signal, specific organic markers of autochthonous and allochthonous supply and archaeological data allows the reconstruction of a continuous record of past human disturbances. Over the last 10000 years, the lacustrine sedimentation was dominated by autochthonous carbonates and the watershed was mostly forest-covered. However, seven phases of higher accumulation rate, soil erosion, algal productivity and landscape disturbances have been identified and dated from 8400-7900, 6000-4800, 4500-3200, 2700-2050 cal BP as well as AD 350-850, AD 1250-1850 and after AD 1970. Before 5200 cal BP, soil erosion is interpreted as resulting from climatic deterioration phases toward cooler and wetter conditions. During the Mid-Late Holocene period, erosion fluxes and landscape disturbances are always associated with prehistorical and historical human activities and amplified by climatic oscillations. Such changes in human land-used led to increasing minerogenic supply and nutrients loading that affected lacustrine trophic levels, especially during the last 1600 years. In addition, organic and molecular markers document previously unknown human settlements around Lake Paladru during the Bronze and the Iron Ages
Less effort, better results: how does music act on prefrontal cortex in older adults during verbal encoding? An fNIRS study
Several neuroimaging studies of cognitive aging revealed deficits in episodic memory abilities as a result of prefrontal cortex (PFC) limitations. Improving episodic memory performance despite PFC deficits is thus a critical issue in aging research. Listening to music stimulates cognitive performance in several non-purely musical activities (e.g., language and memory). Thus, music could represent a rich and helpful source during verbal encoding and therefore help subsequent retrieval. Furthermore, such benefit could be reflected in less demand of PFC, which is known to be crucial for encoding processes. This study aimed to investigate whether music may improve episodic memory in older adults while decreasing the PFC activity. Sixteen healthy older adults (μ = 64.5 years) encoded lists of words presented with or without a musical background while their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) activity was monitored using a eight-channel continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system (Oxymon Mk III, Artinis, The Netherlands). Behavioral results indicated a better source-memory performance for words encoded with music compared to words encoded with silence (p < 0.05). Functional NIRS data revealed bilateral decrease of oxyhemoglobin values in the music encoding condition compared to the silence condition (p < 0.05), suggesting that music modulates the activity of the DLPFC during encoding in a less-demanding direction. Taken together, our results indicate that music can help older adults in memory performances by decreasing their PFC activity. These findings open new perspectives about music as tool for episodic memory rehabilitation on special populations with memory deficits due to frontal lobe damage such as Alzheimer\u27s patients
Delivery Cost Approximations for Inventory Routing Problems in a Rolling Horizon Framework
Towards Demystifying Dimensions of Source Code Embeddings
Source code representations are key in applying machine learning techniques
for processing and analyzing programs. A popular approach in representing
source code is neural source code embeddings that represents programs with
high-dimensional vectors computed by training deep neural networks on a large
volume of programs. Although successful, there is little known about the
contents of these vectors and their characteristics. In this paper, we present
our preliminary results towards better understanding the contents of code2vec
neural source code embeddings. In particular, in a small case study, we use the
code2vec embeddings to create binary SVM classifiers and compare their
performance with the handcrafted features. Our results suggest that the
handcrafted features can perform very close to the highly-dimensional code2vec
embeddings, and the information gains are more evenly distributed in the
code2vec embeddings compared to the handcrafted features. We also find that the
code2vec embeddings are more resilient to the removal of dimensions with low
information gains than the handcrafted features. We hope our results serve a
stepping stone toward principled analysis and evaluation of these code
representations.Comment: 1st ACM SIGSOFT International Workshop on Representation Learning for
Software Engineering and Program Languages, Co-located with ESEC/FSE
(RL+SE&PL'20
Fabrication and characterization of dual function nanoscale pH-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) probes for high resolution pH mapping
The easy fabrication and use of nanoscale dual function pH-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) probes is reported. These probes incorporate an iridium oxide coated carbon electrode for pH measurement and an SICM barrel for distance control, enabling simultaneous pH and topography mapping. These pH-SICM probes were fabricated rapidly from laser pulled theta quartz pipets, with the pH electrode prepared by in situ carbon filling of one of the barrels by the pyrolytic decomposition of butane, followed by electrodeposition of a thin layer of hydrous iridium oxide. The other barrel was filled with an electrolyte solution and Ag/AgCl electrode as part of a conductance cell for SICM. The fabricated probes, with pH and SICM sensing elements typically on the 100 nm scale, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and various electrochemical measurements. They showed a linear super-Nernstian pH response over a range of pH (pH 2â10). The capability of the pH-SICM probe was demonstrated by detecting both pH and topographical changes during the dissolution of a calcite microcrystal in aqueous solution. This system illustrates the quantitative nature of pH-SICM imaging, because the dissolution process changes the crystal height and interfacial pH (compared to bulk), and each is sensitive to the rate. Both measurements reveal similar dissolution rates, which are in agreement with previously reported literature values measured by classical bulk methods
Structural correlations in heterogeneous electron transfer at monolayer and multilayer graphene electrodes
As a new form of carbon, graphene is attracting intense interest as an electrode material with widespread applications. In the present study, the heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) activity of graphene is investigated using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), which allows electrochemical currents to be mapped at high spatial resolution across a surface for correlation with the corresponding structure and properties of the graphene surface. We establish that the rate of heterogeneous ET at graphene increases systematically with the number of graphene layers, and show that the stacking in multilayers also has a subtle influence on ET kinetics. © 2012 American Chemical Society
Holistic approach to dissolution kinetics : linking direction-specific microscopic fluxes, local mass transport effects and global macroscopic rates from gypsum etch pit analysis
Dissolution processes at single crystal surfaces often involve the initial formation and expansion of localized, characteristic (faceted) etch-pits at defects, in an otherwise comparatively unreactive surface. Using natural gypsum single crystal as an example, a simple but powerful morphological analysis of these characteristic etch pit features is proposed that allows important questions concerning dissolution kinetics to be addressed. Significantly, quantitative mass transport associated with reactive microscale interfaces in quiescent solution (well known in the field of electrochemistry at ultramicroelectrodes) allows the relative importance of diffusion compared to surface kinetics to be assessed. Furthermore, because such mass transport rates are high, much faster surface kinetics can be determined than with existing dissolution methods. For the case of gypsum, surface processes are found to dominate the kinetics at early stages of the dissolution process (small etch pits) on the cleaved (010) surface. However, the contribution from mass transport becomes more important with time due to the increased area of the reactive zones and associated decrease in mass transport rate. Significantly, spatial heterogeneities in both surface kinetics and mass transport effects are identified, and the morphology of the characteristic etch features reveal direction-dependent dissolution kinetics that can be quantified. Effective dissolution velocities normal to the main basal (010) face are determined, along with velocities for the movement of [001] and [100] oriented steps. Inert electrolyte enhances dissolution velocities in all directions (salting in), but a striking new observation is that the effect is direction-dependent. Studies of common ion effects reveal that Ca2+ has a much greater impact in reducing dissolution rates compared to SO42â. With this approach, the new microscopic observations can be further analysed to obtain macroscopic dissolution rates, which are found to be wholly consistent with previous bulk measurements. The studies are thus important in bridging the gap between microscopic phenomena and macroscopic measurements
Electrochemistry at nanoscale electrodes : individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and SWNT-templated metal nanowires
Individual nanowires (NWs) and native single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be readily used as well-defined nanoscale electrodes (NSEs) for voltammetric analysis. Here, the simple photolithography-free fabrication of submillimeter long Au, Pt, and Pd NWs, with sub-100 nm heights, by templated electrodeposition onto ultralong flow-aligned SWNTs is demonstrated. Both individual Au NWs and SWNTs are employed as NSEs for electron-transfer (ET) kinetic quantification, using cyclic voltammetry (CV), in conjunction with a microcapillary-based electrochemical method. A small capillary with internal diameter in the range 30â70 ÎŒm, filled with solution containing a redox-active mediator (FcTMA+ ((trimethylammonium)methylferrocene), Fe(CN)64â, or hydrazine) is positioned above the NSE, so that the solution meniscus completes an electrochemical cell. A 3D finite-element model, faithfully reproducing the experimental geometry, is used to both analyze the experimental CVs and derive the rate of heterogeneous ET, using ButlerâVolmer kinetics. For a 70 nm height Au NW, intrinsic rate constants, k0, up to ca. 1 cm sâ1 can be resolved. Using the same experimental configuration the electrochemistry of individual SWNTs can also be accessed. For FcTMA+/2+ electrolysis the simulated ET kinetic parameters yield very fast ET kinetics (k0 > 2 ± 1 cm sâ1). Some deviation between the experimental voltammetry and the idealized model is noted, suggesting that double-layer effects may influence ET at the nanoscale
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