Nucleate Boiling from Smooth and Rough Surfaces--Part 1: Fabrication and Characterization of an Optically Transparent Heater-Sensor Substrate with Controlled Surface Roughness

devised to conduct detailed heat transfer and bubble measurements during boiling on a heater surface with controlled roughness. This first of two companion papers discusses details of the fabrication, construction, and operation of the experimental facility. Test pieces are fabricated from 50.8 mmx50.8 mmx3.18 mm borosilicate glass squares that are roughened by abrading with diamond compound with particles of known size and then annealed in order to control small-scale roughness features. Heater/sensor devices are fabricated by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent electrically conductive material, on top of the roughened glass surfaces. A method for calibrating the ITO devices for use as temperature sensors is developed. Experimental boiling curves are reported for seven surfaces of different roughness tested in the perfluorinated fluorocarbon liquid, FC-72. The measured receding contact angle for FC-72 on the ITO-coated surfaces is reported. The wall superheat during saturated pool boiling at atmospheric pressure was found not to vary consistently with surface average roughness (Ra) values. Qualitative differences between smooth and rough surface boiling visualizations obtained simultaneously from the side and from below the heaters are discussed

Responses When the Earth Trembles: The Impact of Community Awareness Campaigns on Protective Behavior

With a social marketing perspective, this study explores community disaster preparedness, by considering appropriate sources of information about disaster severity, the ways community members process information, and how social marketing programs might improve people's ability to protect themselves against natural disasters. With a foundation in the persuasion knowledge model and a scenario-based approach, this research applies a latent moderated structural equation model to data collected in southern Spain. Consumers first develop persuasion knowledge about a social marketing campaign by performing a threat appraisal, then engage in information seeking, which drives persuasion coping, before activating protective behavior. Systematic processing attenuates the effect of response barriers on persuasion coping but strengthens the subsequent effects of persuasion coping on protective behavior. Social marketers should encourage consumers to engage with community programs and help revise public policy to enhance communities' capacities to react to seismic disasters. This article also suggests implications related to the uses of social media and the adoption of the European Union's advanced seismic code