A Metatheoretical Study of Malek Bennabi's Approach to Civilization

This study investigates Malek Bennabi's approach to civilization and aims at analyzing the various factors contributed to the formulation and development of Bennabi's approach by using metatheorizing methodology (Mu) through its four dimensions. It goes beyond available literature on Bennabi, to not only present his approach, but to understand its underlying structure. The researcher, by using (Mu), realized that civilization is a multi-aspects concept and it had been dominated by the paradigms of philosophy of history and social sciences, on the one hand. On the other hand, it is found that Bennabi's interdisciplinary approach to civilization in its two parts; the major concepts and the interpretation of the movement of civilization, is a result of the internal-external and the social–intellectual factors which formed the context of his approach. The internal-social factors as his background (family, religion and education) and his intellectual pursuits (activities and intellectual connections), on one hand, and the external-social factors as the colonization and decolonization processes on the other hand, formed the social structure of Bennabi's approach.Moreover, the internal-intellectual factors as the dominant paradigms and schools within civilization studies, on the one hand, and the external-intellectual factors as the impacts of the Qur'an and Sunna, the reformist thought in the Muslim world, psychology, philosophy and the modernity discourse, the natural sciences and mathematics, on the other hand formed the intellectual or the cognitive structure of his approach. The researcher found that by applying (Mu) in this study, he could go beyond mere presenting Bennabi's approach, and could gain an in-depth understanding of Bennabi's interdisciplinary approach to civilization and its underlying structure. In addition, (Mu) offered a methodological tools to understanding Bennabi's approach to civilization, and could provide a potential methodology to study the formulation and development of ideas, approaches and theories, because of (Mu)'s comprehensiveness in integrating the tools of philosophy of science, history of ideas and sociology of knowledge in one methodology which is metatheorizing

Orientalism as a Cultural Root of Western Islamophobia

his paper focuses on Islamophobia as a phenomenon in the western context in order to understand its cultural roots that produce such a stereotype about Islam and the Muslims. It aims to discover these roots relying on the analysis of a sample of intellectual texts expressing the western biases and the concept of western supremacy over Islam, the Muslims and the Islamic civilization, which are contradictory to historical evidence. Therefore, it focuses on the expansion of the western civilization all over the world and its use of orientalism as a justifying tool which consequently formed the underlying foundation of Islamophobia. The paper seeks to pave the way for the intellectual revision of the western standpoint towards Islam, to open the door for a new understanding of Islam and the Muslims that goes beyond the complexities of the Crusades, the oriental discourse, and the colonial period. The findings of this study imply that the western scholars and opinion makers should develop their view of Islam and the Muslims on the basis of an in depth understanding of Islam based on the knowledge extracted from the genuine sources of Islam in a scientific manner

The Presence of Ibn Khaldun and Toynbee’s Ideas in Malek Bennabi’s Interpretation of the Cyclical Movement of Civilization

The research analysed the presence of the ideas of Ibn Khaldun and Toynbee in the thought of Malek Bennabi in his interpretation of the cyclical movement of civilization and its related issues. To achieve this goal, this study discussed the contributions of the cyclical school to the study of civilization, and then the presence of Ibn Khaldun’s and Toynbee’s ideas in Bennabi’s thought, in order to understand the epistemological link between them and Bennabi in terms of their influence upon him and his criticism of their ideas. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach of the writings of Ibn Khaldun, Toynbee, and Bennabi with regard to the interpretation of the movement of civilization. The study concluded that Bennabi was familiar with their interpretations of civilization and relied on them in building his explanatory model and that the close link between Bennabi’s interpretation of the movement of civilization and what Ibn Khaldun and Toynbee accomplished makes them form one school. The study proved the importance of knowing the sources from which Bennabi drew his ideas and built his perspective in the study of civilization, in order to gain an in-depth understanding of his efforts.Makalahini cuba menganalisis ‘kehadiran’idea Ibn Khaldun dan Toynbee dalam pemikiran Malek Bennabi melaluitafsirannya berkenaanperkembangankitaran dalam peradabandan isu-isu yang berkaitan dengannya. Untuk mencapai matlamat di atas, kajian ini membincangkan sumbangan ‘sekolah kitaran’kepada kajian peradaban, dan seterusnyaidea Ibn Khaldun dan Toynbee dalam pemikiran Bennabi, di mana ia untuk memahami hubungan epistemologi antara mereka dan Bennabi dari segi pengaruh mereka kepada beliaudan kritikannya terhadap idea mereka. Kajian ini bersandarkan kepada pendekatan analisis deskriptif terhadap tulisan Ibn Khaldun, Toynbee dan Bennabi berkenaan tafsiranmengenaiperkembanganperadaban. Kajian menyimpulkan bahawa Bennabi sudah terbiasa dengan tafsiran mereka tentang peradaban, dan bergantung kepada pandanganmereka dalam membina model penjelasanmengenai peradaban. Hubungan rapat antara tafsiran Bennabi tentang perkembangan peradabandan apa yang dirumuskanoleh Ibn Khaldun dan Toynbee menjadikan mereka termasuk dalamsatu sekolahpemikiran peradaban yang sama. Kajian ini turutmembuktikan kepentingan mengetahui sumber Bennabi dalam menggarapideanya dan membina perspektifnya yang tersendiri dalam kajian peradaba

Kur'an’da Ahlaki Değerler Sistemi: Draz’ın Katkısına Dair Bir Analiz

This article aims to analyze the contribution of Mohamed Abdullah Draz in the development of the theory of the value system in the Holy Quran. It seeks to answer how Draz developed his theory of the value system in the Quran. The paper relies on an analysis of Draz's book “The Moral World of the Quran” focusing on his critique of the treatment of Quranic ethics in Islamic heritage and modern Western thought. It also examines his perspective on theoretical and practical ethics in the Quran. Consequently, he presents his viewpoint on the necessity of a holistic approach to ethics through the moral theory found in the Quran, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects. In addition, studying ethics through the Quran represents a fundamental approach to understanding ethical theories in Islam and addressing the challenges that impede Muslims from embodying these ethics. Moreover, Draz's study represents the first "objective exegesis" of the Holy Quran undertaken by Muslims in the modern era, signifying a significant advancement in the study of ethics in Islam, despite its integration with modern ethical philosophical approaches.Bu makale, Kur’an-ı Kerim’deki değerler sistemi teorisinin gelişiminde Muhammed Abdullah Draz’ın katkısını incelemeyi amaçlamakla birlikte Draz’ın Kur’an’daki değerler sistemi teorisini nasıl geliştirdiğini cevaplamaya çalışmaktadır. Makale, Draz’ın Modern Batı düşüncesi ve İslam geleneğindeki Kur’an ahlakı yorumunun eleştirisine odaklanan “The Moral World of the Qur’ān” adlı kitabının analizine dayanmaktadır. Ayrıca onun Kur’an’daki teorik ve pratik ahlaka bakış açısını da incelemektedir. Dolayısıyla Draz hem teorik hem de pratik yönleri bulunan Kur’an’daki ahlak teorisi üzerinden ahlaka bütüncül bir yaklaşımın gerekliliğinden bahseder. Bununla birlikte ahlakı Kur’an üzerinden irdelemek İslam›daki ahlak teorilerini anlamak ve Müslümanların bu ahlakı benimsemelerini engelleyen zorlukları ele almak için temel bir yaklaşımı temsil eder. Ayrıca Draz’ın çalışması, ahlak felsefesinde modern yaklaşımlarla entegre olmasına rağmen modern çağda Müslümanlar tarafından girişilen İslam geleneği içindeki ahlak çalışmalarında önemli bir ilerlemeye işaret etmekte olan ilk “nesnel Kur’an tefsiri” niteliğini taşımaktadır

Le Crowdfunding : Outil crucial pour la démocratisation de l’accès au financement et la promotion de l’inclusion financière au Maroc

In a context of globalization, the development of new information and communication technologies, the emergence of the collaborative economy and crowdsourcing, but also the difficulty of access to financing for entrepreneurs, the crowdfunding literally called crowd financing, stands out as an alternative financial innovation allowing not only a diversification of financing resources but also representing a tool for injecting confidence for project leaders, particularly in times of crisis when banks are particularly cautious in the provision of financing,  especially, in the absence of guarantees. This real lever of responsible financing lever puts in direct and transparent relationship project leaders looking for financing and contributors concerned about the responsible use of their savings through a variety of forms which varies according to the importance of the applicant's funding requirement and the type of project to be financed, which makes it possible to a new dynamic of innovation in the field of entrepreneurship, a flowering of high-impact innovative startups and a strengthening of social ties, a feeling of proximity and civic engagement Even if this method of financing is developed and in full expansion in other countries, it is still embryonic in Morocco, however our country’s willingness to achieve progress in terms of economic and social development has push Morocco to create favorable conditions for development of crowdfunding by adopting a regulatory framework to offer it the opportunity to be a pioneer and a leader of this new industry on an African scale. This article aims to understand the role of crowdfunding as an innovative financing lever adapted to different categories of the economic fabric, its impact on the promotion of financial inclusion and the democratization of access to financing.   Keywords: Crowdfunding, responsible finance, financial inclusion, contributors, entrepreneur Classification JEL: G21 G3 L26 Paper type: Theoretical ResearchDans un contexte de globalisation, de développement de nouvelles technologies de l’information et de communication, le développement de l’économie collaborative et du crowdsourcing, mais aussi la difficulté d’accès des entrepreneurs à des moyens de financement, le crowdfunding littéralement appelé financement par la foule, s’impose comme une innovation financière alternative permettant non seulement une diversification des ressources de financement, mais représentant également un outil d’injection de confiance pour les porteurs de projet notamment en temps de crise où les banques s’avèrent particulièrement prudentes face à l’octroi de financement surtout en absence de garanties. Ce vrai levier de financement responsable met en relation directe et transparente des porteurs de projet en quête de financement et des contributeurs soucieux d’une utilisation responsable de leurs épargnes (Lesur, N. (2016)   à travers une panoplie de formes qui varie selon l’importance du besoin de financement du demandeur et le type de projet à financer, ce qui permet d’insuffler une nouvelle dynamique d’innovation dans le domaine de l’entrepreneuriat, une floraison de startups innovantes à fort impact ainsi qu’ un renforcement les liens sociaux, du sentiment de proximité et d’engagement citoyen. Même si ce mode de financement est développé et en plaine d’expansion dans les autres pays, il reste encore embryonnaire au Maroc, toutefois la volonté de ce pays à réaliser des avancés en matière de développement économique et social à pousser ce dernier à créer des conditions favorables au développement du crowdfunding en adoptant un cadre réglementaire pour lui offrir l’opportunité d’être un pionnier et un leader de cette nouvelle industrie à l’échelle africaine (Hemdane, T. (2016)). Le présent article vise à comprendre le rôle du crowdfunding en tant que levier de financement innovant adapté à différentes catégories du tissu économique, son impact sur la promotion de l’inclusion financière et la démocratisation de l’accès au financement.   Mots clés : Crowdfunding, inclusion financière, finance responsable, contributeurs, entrepreneurs JEL Classification : G21 G3 L26 Type du papier : Recherche Théoriqu

Islamophobia and French Academia

يهدف هذا المقال إلى دراسة الجدل الأكاديمي الفرنسي المتعلق بالإسلاموفوبيا؛ فهو يثير سؤالًا عامًا حول استقلالية العلوم الاجتماعية عن مجال الإعلام السياسي، ومدى قدرة الباحثين على اعتمادهم على ذاتهم ومرجعيتهم الأكاديمية، وإبعاد أنفسهم عن الخطاب السائد المعادي للإسلام. اعتمادًا على المنشورات التي أصدرها الأكاديميون الفرنسيون حول الإسلاموفوبيا. يحلل المقال أولًا مساحة الجدل، وتظهر أنها لا تحدث في مجلات العلوم الاجتماعية المركزية ولكن في مجلات هامشية أقل أهمية، أو حتى خارج المجال الأكاديمي. ثم يركز الانتباه على منطق تجنب الروايات الفرنسية (النادرة) حول الإسلاموفوبيا، ذلكم المنطق الذي لا يؤدي إلى نزاع أكاديمي خجول فحسب، بل يؤدي أيضًا إلى استبعاد مفهوم الإسلاموفوبيا بحشد الحجج المشابهة للخطابات السياسية والإعلامية. يتم أيضًا تحليل الجدل السائر بين الأحكام المبنية على الواقع وبين الأحكام القيمية، مما يفسر سبب اتهام الباحثين العاملين في مجال الإسلاموفوبيا بالافتقار إلى الدقة العلمية والتحيز السياسي الذي لا يعترف به منكرو الإسلاموفوبيا. وأخيرًا، يسلط المقال الضوء على استغلال الإشارة إلى بيير بورديو من قبل منكري الإسلاموفوبيا.The aim of this article is to study the French academic controversy related to Islamophobia. It raises the general question of the autonomy of social sciences in relation to the political-media field and the capacity of researchers to be reflexive and to distance themselves from the mainstream Islamophobic discourse. Drawing on the publications produced by French academics about Islamophobia, the article first analyses the space of controversy, showing that it does not take place in the central social science journals but on their periphery, or even outside the academic field. It then focuses attention on the logic of avoiding the (rare) French accounts on Islamophobia, which not only results in a timid academic disputatio but also in a disqualification of the concept of Islamophobia that mobilizes arguments similar to political-media discourses. The tension between factual judgement and value judgement is also analysed, highlighting how researchers working on Islamophobia are charged with a lack of scientific rigour and the unacknowledged political bias of the deniers. Finally, the article highlights the instrumentalization of the reference to Pierre Bourdieu by the deniers of Islamophobia. Thus, the forms of the French academic controversy on Islamophobia are indicative of the denial of Islamophobia and the influence of the media on the academic field

Etude hydrogéophysique de la zone avale d’oued Erradat, région de Sidi Mghait – NW du Maroc

International audienceBien que doté d’une position géographique favorable, à l’extrême Nord-Ouest de l’Afrique,profitant ainsi des perturbations océaniques qui intéressent généralement l’Ouest de l’Europe, leMaroc reste un pays à climat essentiellement semi-aride à aride

Suivi Thérapeutique Pharmacologique Des Antituberculeux : Quinze Ans d’Expérience

Tuberculosis is a world public health problem. Its treatment is based on a set of drugs that can cause many side effects. Liver toxicity remains one of the most common and severe side effect causing treatment failure. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the interest of therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of tuberculosis through the experience of the Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology of the Anti Poison Center. This retrospective study involved 1152 patients who had benefited from a determination of plasma levels of first line antitubureculosis drugs (isoniasid, pyrazinamid, rifampicin) during 15 years. 135 patients had developed hepatotoxicity. The study showed that at therapeutic dose, 71.2% of TB patients had plasma concentrations lower than the therapeutic range, and 57.8% of patients had isoniazid plasma concentrations above the therapeutic range. This interindividual variability justifies the need for therapeutic drug monitoring to assess an inadequate response to tuberculosis treatment and prevent the development of hepatotoxicity

New Lyssavirus Genotype from the Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis blythi), Kyrghyzstan

The Aravan virus was isolated from a Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (Myotis blythi) in the Osh region of Kyrghyzstan, central Asia, in 1991. We determined the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein (N) gene and compared it with those of 26 representative lyssaviruses obtained from databases. The Aravan virus was distinguished from seven distinct genotypes on the basis of nucleotide and amino acid identity. Phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed that the Aravan virus was more closely related to genotypes 4, 5, and—to a lesser extent—6, which circulates among insectivorus bats in Europe and Africa. The Aravan virus does not belong to any of the seven known genotypes of lyssaviruses, namely, rabies, Lagos bat, Mokola, and Duvenhage viruses and European bat lyssavirus 1, European bat lyssavirus 2, and Australian bat lyssavirus. Based on these data, we propose a new genotype for the Lyssavirus genus

Waste management policy and employment: the case of France

This paper examines whether a causal relationship exists between waste tonnage and employment when the waste collection is entrusted to a private operator in France (i.e. waste management policy by delegation of service). The empirical investigation is based on weekly data for four waste streams for the period from January 2015 to June 2017. Using nonstationary time series techniques including cointegration, VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) and long-run causality test of Toda and Yamamoto (1995) within a bivariate framework, the results demonstrate potential causal negative relationship between waste tonnage and employment. For three waste streams (i.e. household waste, outdoor garbage waste and miscellaneous waste), the results suggest that waste management practices that aim at entrusting the collection and treatment to a private operator (i.e. waste management by delegation of service) are not economically beneficial to society, because this policy does not favor environmental jobs creation. The paper calls for the adoption of other waste management practices to preserve employment in the waste collection sector