SynthSR: A public AI tool to turn heterogeneous clinical brain scans into high-resolution T1-weighted images for 3D morphometry

Every year, millions of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are acquired in hospitals across the world. These have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of many neurological diseases, but their morphometric analysis has not yet been possible due to their anisotropic resolution. We present an artificial intelligence technique, "SynthSR," that takes clinical brain MRI scans with any MR contrast (T1, T2, etc.), orientation (axial/coronal/sagittal), and resolution and turns them into high-resolution T1 scans that are usable by virtually all existing human neuroimaging tools. We present results on segmentation, registration, and atlasing of >10,000 scans of controls and patients with brain tumors, strokes, and Alzheimer's disease. SynthSR yields morphometric results that are very highly correlated with what one would have obtained with high-resolution T1 scans. SynthSR allows sample sizes that have the potential to overcome the power limitations of prospective research studies and shed new light on the healthy and diseased human brain

Three "universal" mesoscopic Josephson effects

1. Introduction 2. Supercurrent from Excitation Spectrum 3. Excitation Spectrum from Scattering Matrix 4. Short-Junction Limit 5. Universal Josephson Effects 5.1 Quantum Point Contact 5.2 Quantum Dot 5.3 Disordered Point Contact (Average supercurrent, Supercurrent fluctuations)Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures; legacy revie

Methylphenidate Treatment in Children with Borderline IQ and Mental Retardation: Analysis of Three Aggregated Studies

Objective: To determine response of low-IQ children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms to methylphenidate (MPH). Methods: An aggregated analysis was conducted in 90 children with low IQ who received the same dose regimen of MPH in three independent, placebo-controlled studies. Active drug and placebo were given from 2 to 4 weeks each. Outcome measures included teacher and parent ratings on standardized behavior scales (mean n = 84), performance on computer-controlled cognitive-motor tests (n = 62), and measures of cardiovascular response (n = 85). Results: Both teachers and parents rated the children consistently as being improved on subscales assessing attention, overactivity, and conduct problems. Some 44% of the subjects showed at least a 30% reduction compared with placebo on teacher ratings. MPH improved accuracy on several cognitive tests, response speed was increased on some, and seat activity declined for one of three tests; heart rate was mildly increased (3.9 beats/minute) with MPH. Analyses of IQ and mental age as moderator variables suggested that lower functional level (especially lower IQ) may be associated with a less favorable response to MPH. Conclusions: Children with low IQ and ADHD clearly respond to MPH, but their rate of beneficial response appears to be well under that of normal-IQ children and more varied. Different attentional mechanisms may moderate response to psychostimulants

Hybridization in parasites: consequences for adaptive evolution, pathogenesis and public health in a changing world

[No abstract available

A multi-dating approach to age-modelling long continental records: The 135 ka El Cañizar de Villarquemado sequence (NE Spain)

We present the multidisciplinary dating approach - including radiocarbon, Uranium/Thorium series (U/Th), paleomagnetism, single-grain Optical Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), Infrared Stimulated Luminescence (IRSL) and tephrochronology - used for the development of an age model for the Cañizar de Villarquemado sequence (VIL) for the last ca. 135 ka. We describe the protocols used for each technique and discuss the positive and negative results, as well as their implications for interpreting the VIL sequence and for dating similar terrestrial records. In spite of the negative results of some techniques, particularly due to the absence of adequate sample material or inaccurate analytical precision, the multi-technique strategy employed here is essential to maximize the chances of obtaining robust age models in terrestrial sequences. The final Bayesian age model for VIL sequence includes 16 AMS 14C ages, 9 OSL ages and 5 previously published IRSL ages, and the accuracy and resolution of the model are improved by incorporating information related to changes in accumulation rate, as revealed by detailed sedimentological analyses. The main paleohydrological and vegetation changes in the sequence are coherent with global Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6 to 1 transitions since the penultimate Termination, although some regional idiosyncrasies are evident, such as higher moisture variability than expected, an abrupt inception of the last glacial cycle and a resilient response of vegetation in Mediterranean continental Iberia in both Terminations

Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes

The file attached is the Published/publisher’s pdf version of the article.Copyright: © 2013 Webster et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited