Analisis Perlindungan Mata Air di Kota Tomohon

AbstrakKota Tomohon sebagai kawasan yang berada di dataran tinggi/perbukitan berperan penting dalam hal penyedia air bagi daerahnya sendiri maupun untuk daerah disekitarnya. Meningkatnya kebutuhan terhadap sumber daya air disebabkan oleh meningkatnya jumlah penduduk dan aktivitas pembangunan. Demi menjaga kualitas air tanah dari pencemaran, langkah awal yang perlu dilakukan yaitu penentuan zona perlindungan mata air, zona perlindungan mata air merupakan kawasan di sekitar mata air yang memberikan informasi terkait potensi pencemaran pada sumber air. Untuk mencapai hasil dalam menyusun penelitian tentang perlindungan mata air digunakan pendekatan metode deskriptif kuantitatif, dengan teknik analisis spasial buffer pada masing-masing titik mata air yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui luas wilayah dari tiap zona perlindungan. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa mata air yang bisa dibuatkan zona perlindungan mata air yaitu mata air yang memiliki jarak cukup jauh dari area permukiman lebih disekitar 200 meter dari pusat mata air, dimana mata air yang memenuhi kriteria tersebut adalah : mata air Regesan, Sasalak I, Sasalak II, Patar, Wuwunongan. Dengan hasil perhitungan jarak zona I berjarak 10-15 meter dari titik mata air. Zona II merupakan hasil perhitungan menggunakan rumus kecepatan udara tanah dengan hasil : mata air Regesan (140,4 m) Sasalak I (86,4 m), Sasalak II (172,8 m), Patar (86,4 m), Wuwunongan ( 49,68 m).Kata kunci: Mata Air, Zona Perlindungan, Buffer, ZonasiAbstractTomohon City as an area located in the highlands/hills plays an important role in terms of water supply for its own area and for the surrounding areas. The increasing demand for water resources is caused by the increasing population and development activities. In order to maintain the quality of groundwater from pollution, the first step that needs to be taken is the determination of spring protection zones, spring protection zones are areas around springs that provide information related to the potential for pollution of water sources. To achieve the results in compiling research on spring protection, a quantitative descriptive method approach was used, with a spatial buffer analysis technique at each spring point conducted to determine the area of each protection zone. From the results of the research, it is known that springs that can be made spring protection zones are springs that have a considerable distance from residential areas of more than around 200 meters from the center of the spring, where springs that meet these criteria are: Regesan, Sasalak I, Sasalak II, Patar, Wuwunongan springs. With the results of the calculation of the distance zone I is 10-15 meters from the spring point. Zone II is the result of calculations using the ground air velocity formula with the results: Regesan spring (140.4 m) Sasalak I (86.4 m), Sasalak II (172.8 m), Patar (86.4 m), Wuwunongan (49.68 m).Keyword: Spring, Protection Zone, Buffer, Zonin

Palliativ care in nursing home - Health professionals experience

Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages

Herd-level animal management factors associated with the occurrence of bovine neonatal pancytopenia in calves in a multicountry study

Since 2007, mortality associated with a previously unreported haemorrhagic disease has been observed in young calves in several European countries. The syndrome, which has been named ‘bovine neonatal pancytopenia’ (BNP), is characterised by thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and a panmyelophthisis. A herd-level case-control study was conducted in four BNP affected countries (Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands) to identify herd management risk factors for BNP occurrence. Data were collected using structured face-to-face and telephone interviews of farm managers and their local veterinarians. In total, 363 case farms and 887 control farms were included in a matched multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis. Case-control status was strongly associated with the odds of herd level use of the vaccine PregSure® BVD (PregSure, Pfizer Animal Health) (matched adjusted odds ratio (OR) 107.2; 95% CI: 41.0–280.1). This was also the case for the practices of feeding calves colostrum from the calf’s own dam (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.4) or feeding pooled colostrum (OR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9–8.8). Given that the study had relatively high statistical power and represented a variety of cattle production and husbandry systems, it can be concluded with some confidence that no other herd level management factors are competent causes for a sufficient cause of BNP occurrence on herd level. It is suggested that genetic characteristics of the dams and BNP calves should be the focus of further investigations aimed at identifying the currently missing component causes that together with PregSure vaccination and colostrum feeding represent a sufficient cause for occurrence of BNP in calves

The effect of paratuberculosis on milk yield—A systematic review and meta-analysis

peer-reviewedBovine paratuberculosis is a disease characterized by chronic granulomatous enteritis causing protein-losing enteropathy. Adverse effects on animal productivity are key drivers in the attempt to control paratuberculosis at the farm level. Economic models require an accurate estimation of the production effects associated with paratuberculosis. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of paratuberculosis on milk production. A total of 20 effect estimates from 15 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed. Subgroup analysis by case definition and study design was carried out to investigate heterogeneity. The majority of between-study variation was attributed to studies that defined cases on serology. Calculation of a pooled effect estimate was only appropriate for studies that defined cases by organism detection. A reduction in milk yield, corrected for lactation number and herd of origin of 1.87 kg/d, equivalent to 5.9% of yield, was associated with fecal culture or PCR positivity in individual cows

Individualized versus standard FSH dosing in women starting IVF/ICSI:An RCT. Part 1: The predicted poor responder

STUDY QUESTION: Does an increased FSH dose result in higher cumulative live birth rates in women with a predicted poor ovarian response, apparent from a low antral follicle count (AFC), scheduled for IVF or ICSI? SUMMARY ANSWER: In women with a predicted poor ovarian response (AFC <11) undergoing IVF/ICSI, an increased FSH dose (225/450 IU/day) does not improve cumulative live birth rates as compared to a standard dose (150 IU/day). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: In women scheduled for IVF/ICSI, an ovarian reserve test (ORT) can predict ovarian response to stimulation. The FSH starting dose is often adjusted based on the ORT from the belief that it will improve live birth rates. However, the existing RCTs on this topic, most of which show no benefit, are underpowered. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Between May 2011 and May 2014, we performed an open-label multicentre RCT in women with an AFC <11 (Dutch Trial Register NTR2657). The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy achieved within 18 months after randomization and resulting in a live birth. We needed 300 women to assess whether an increased dose strategy would increase the cumulative live birth rate from 25 to 40% (two-sided alpha-error 0.05, power 80%). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Women with an AFC ≤ 7 were randomized to an FSH dose of 450 IU/day or 150 IU/day, and women with an AFC 8–10 were randomized to 225 IU or 150 IU/day. In the standard group, dose adjustment was allowed in subsequent cycles based on pre-specified criteria. Both effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the strategies were evaluated from an intention-to-treat perspective. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In total, 511 women were randomized, 234 with an AFC ≤ 7 and 277 with an AFC 8–10. The cumulative live birth rate for increased versus standard dosing was 42.4% (106/250) versus 44.8% (117/261), respectively [relative risk (RR): 0.95 (95%CI, 0.78–1.15), P = 0.58]. As an increased dose strategy was more expensive [delta costs/woman: €1099 (95%CI, 562–1591)], standard FSH dosing was the dominant strategy in our economic analysis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Despite our training programme, the AFC might have suffered from inter-observer variation. As this open study permitted small dose adjustments between cycles, potential selective cancelling of cycles in women treated with 150 IU could have influenced the cumulative results. However, since first cycle live birth rates point in the same direction we consider it unlikely that the open design masked a potential benefit for the individualized strategy. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Since an increased dose in women scheduled for IVF/ICSI with a predicted poor response (AFC <11) does not improve live birth rates and is more expensive, we recommend using a standard dose of 150 IU/day in these women