Implementation of the BIM Methodology in the Architecture Degree: Experience of the Architecture School of San Sebastian

[EN] The emergence of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology in the design, generation, maintenance and data management of any type of building has meant the most important advance in decades in the construction sector. Moreover, current European and Spanish regulations require its mandatory use. In this context, the university degree studies related to construction must challenge this new reality. The aim of the project conducted in the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) School of Architecture of San Sebastian, is the implementation of the BIM methodology in its Architecture Degree. The intention of this research is to implement the BIM methodology without subtracting competencies or content from the current Syllabus. This methodology should be gradually integrated into the different courses and intertwined with the contents of different subjects, in order to train Architecture graduates on BIM and preparing them to join a professional market that demands this knowledge. The purpose of this communication is to report the current status and the level of development of this study.Uranga, E.; Leon, I.; Alberdi, A.; Otaduy, JP.; Azcona, L.; Etxepare, L.; Lizundia, I.... (2021). Implementation of the BIM Methodology in the Architecture Degree: Experience of the Architecture School of San Sebastian. En 7th International Conference on Higher Education Advances (HEAd'21). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 687-694. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd21.2021.13015OCS68769

Radioterapia estereotáctica

La radioterapia con técnica estereotáctica es una modalidad de radioterapia externa que utiliza un sistema de coordenadas tridimensionales independientes del paciente para la localización precisa de la lesión. También se caracteriza porque los haces de irradiación son altamente conformados, precisos y convergentes sobre la lesión que hacen posible la administración de dosis muy altas de radioterapia sin incrementar la irradiación de los órganos o estructuras sanas adyacentes. Cuando el procedimiento se realiza en una sesión de tratamiento se denomina radiocirugía y si se administra en varias sesiones se denomina radioterapia estereotáctica. Se precisa de sistemas de fijación e inmovilización del paciente especiales (guías o marcos estereotácticos) y dispositivos de radioterapia capaces de generar haces muy conformados (acelerador lineal, gammaknife, cyberknife, tomoterapia, ciclotrones). La radioterapia estereotáctica moderna utiliza marcas radioopacas intratumorales o sistemas de imágenes de TAC incluidos en el dispositivo de irradiación, que permiten una precisa localización de las lesiones móviles en cada sesión de tratamiento. Además, los avances tecnológicos hacen posible coordinar los movimientos de la lesión en la respiración con la unidad de radioterapia (gaiting y tracking) de forma que pueden estrecharse al máximo los márgenes y por lo tanto excluir un mayor volumen de tejido sano La radiocirugía está indicada principalmente en lesiones cerebrales benignas o malignas menores de 3-4 centímetros (malformaciones arteriovenosas, neurinomas, meningiomas, metástasis cerebrales) y la radioterapia estereotáctica se administra fundamentalmente en tumores de localización extracraneal que requieran una alta conformación y precisión como cáncer precoz de pulmón inoperable y metástasis hepáticas.Stereotactic radiotherapy is an external radiation modality that uses a system of three dimensional references independent of the patient to achive a precise location of the lesion. Stereotactic radiotherapy generate highly conformal, precisely focused radiation beams to administer very high doses of radiation without increasing the radiation to healthy surrounding organs or structures. When the procedure is carried out in one treatment session the procedure is termed radiosurgery, and when the treatment is administered in several fractions, the radiation modality is termed stereotactic radiotherapy. Special systems of patient immobilization (guides or stereotactic frames) are required together with radiotherapy devices capable of generating conformal beams (lineal accelerator, gammaknife, cyberknife, tomotherapy, cyclotrons). Modern stereotactic radiotherapy techniques employ intratumoural radio-opaque fiducials or CT image systems included in the irradiation device, which make possible a precise location of mobile lesions in each treatment session. Besides, technological advances permit breathing synchronized radiation (gating and tracking) for maximum tightening of margins and excluding a greater volume of healthy tissue. Radiosurgery is mainly indicated in benign or malign cerebral lesions less than 3-4 centimetres (arteriovenous malformations, neurinomas, meningiomas, cerebral metastases) and stereotactic radiotherapy is basically administered in tumours of extracraneal location that require high conformation and precision, such as inoperable early lung cancer and liver metastasis

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

How to integrate the creation of a materials library into teaching

In a time determined by the rise of virtual models, it seems appropriate to recall the sensory nature of architecture. In this sense, the materials library is presented as a basic tool to enjoy the physical experience with the materials that make up the architecture. The communication describes how to integrate the creation of a new collection in the teaching of the Degree in Architecture. For this purpose, a literature review of recent research has been conducted. A theoretical framework of minimum requirements has also been established, highlighting the strengths, but also the difficulties associated with the operation of these type of resources. Finally, a proposal to implement the project by using active learning methods to involve the students from the beginning is described.En un tiempo caracterizado por el auge de los modelos virtuales, parece oportuno recordar la condición sensorial de la arquitectura. En este sentido, la biblioteca de materiales se presenta como una herramienta básica para disfrutar la experiencia física con los materiales que habrán de constituir la arquitectura. La comunicación describe cómo integrar la creación de una nueva colección en la docencia del Grado en Arquitectura. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un mapeo previo de las investigaciones realizadas recientemente. También se ha establecido un marco teórico de requisitos mínimos, destacando las fortalezas, pero también las dificultades asociadas al funcionamiento de un recurso de estas características. Para terminar, se describe una propuesta de implantación que emplea metodologías activas con objeto de hacer partícipes a los estudiantes desde el principio.Peer Reviewe

Aspectos tipológicos de la vivienda protegida de posguerra (1939-1959). Ejemplificación en el territorio guipuzcoano

265 p.La tesis se centra en el estudio de las viviendas construidas al amparo de las leyes de protección vigentes durante la posguerra española. La primera parte indaga en los factores que determinaron que la vivienda pasara a ser uno de los temas principales de la arquitectura a comienzos del siglo XX; la industrialización, el crecimiento demográfico, el nacimiento de la conciencia social, el higienismo o la influencia de las vanguardias son analizados como condicionantes del proyecto urbano y arquitectónico. En una segunda parte, tras delimitar el marco institucional y legal que regulaba la producción de viviendas en Gipuzkoa, la tesis expone cuales pudieron ser las principales referencias en cuanto a tipos edificatorios y constructivos. Se han estudiado la evolución de los modelos de crecimiento urbano, así como las plantas y perfiles edificatorios predilectos para los organismos oficiales. Todo ello se ejemplifica en una selección de quince proyectos diseñados y construidos durante la posguerra en Gipuzkoa. El objetivo ha sido el de comprender la correlación entre el tipo edificatorio y los tipos de construcción empleados en aquel contexto, y la influencia de los modelos europeos levantados en el periodo de entreguerras

A Methodology to Regulate Transformation of a City’s Appearance Due to Energy Efficiency Building Renovations: A Case Study: Errenteria (Spain)

The need to improve the energy performance of European buildings is beyond all doubt, as indicated by the different regulatory determinations on energy and climate change adopted by different public administrations in recent years. The primary actions have focused on improving the thermal enclosure of buildings; the placement of new energy-efficient skins on their exterior façades is consequently beginning to deconfigure, distort, homogenize and globalize the city in an alarming manner. In the case of Spain, the lack of a specific regulation on how to proceed when renovating the vast majority of residential buildings without heritage protection is leaving the ultimate decision in the hands of owner associations. It is therefore urgent to endow municipal administrations with a tool enabling them to regulate and control the transformation of a city’s image before it is too late. To that end, a pioneer methodology is proposed to classify the unprotected building stock of a municipality with a view to future renovation actions, depending on the degree of their vulnerability and the greater or lesser need to protect their image and the other pre-existing features. As a theoretical case study to test the proposed methodology, the locality of Errenteria, Spain, was chosen, demonstrating that it is an effective tool easy to apply in any city nationwide, regardless of the respective location, size and management capacity

BIM Methodology in Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture: surveys and results 2018-2021

The BIM methodology has been used as a project design and development system within the construction sector for several years. Today's architects, but especially future architects, have to adapt to this technology in order to respond to the current job market. In this context, the studies that leading to the Degree in Architecture must implement this new tool as soon as possible. The Direction Team of the School of Architecture saw the need to implement BIM in the Degree. In 2018, a team of lecturers was appointed as responsible in order to help to carry out this work. After five years of work, this communication includes one of the tasks that have been carried out, such as the survey to the members of the Degree in relation to the implementation of this new BIM methodology.La metodología BIM se viene empleando como sistema de diseño y desarrollo de los proyectos dentro del sector de la construcción desde hace varios años. Los arquitectos actuales, pero sobre todo los arquitectos futuros, tienen que amoldarse a esta tecnología con el fin de dar respuesta al actual mercado laboral. En este contexto los estudios que conducen al Grado de Arquitectura deben implementar lo antes posible esta nueva herramienta. Desde la Dirección de la ETS de Arquitectura se vio la necesidad de implementar el BIM en el Grado. El año 2018 se designó un equipo de profesores como responsables para poder ayudar a llevar a cabo esta tarea. Después de cinco años de trabajo, en esta comunicación se recoge una de las labores que se han realizado, como ha sido el sondeo a los integrantes del Grado en relación a la implantación de esta nueva metodología BIM.Peer Reviewe