35 research outputs found
Lâe-finance et la compĂ©titivitĂ© des petites et moyennes entreprises dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement : cas de lâAfrique de lâOuest
Le secteur financier a connu dâĂ©normes bouleversements ces derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. En effet, avec lâavĂšnement des TIC et la vulgarisation de la technologie Ă travers le monde rĂ©volutionnant les procĂ©dĂ©s et structurant des secteurs, le monde de la finance nâest pas restĂ© en marge de la mondialisation et a procĂ©dĂ© Ă de profonds changements en intĂ©grant la technologie Ă travers ses services dâoĂč la naissance de lâe-finance appelĂ©e encore finance Ă©lectronique. Plusieurs dĂ©finitions et appellations sous-tendent lâe-finance mais celle retenue est lâusage des services financiers via les moyens technologiques. De plus, plusieurs auteurs se sont penchĂ©s sur la question, certains divergeant sur des points tels que la naissance de lâe-finance et dâautres sur lâapproche mĂ©thodologique dâĂ©tude, mais force est de constater que la majoritĂ© des Ă©crits provient de la cĂŽte occidentale et quand il sâagit de mettre en relation lâe-finance et les PME, ces Ă©crits proviennent de la cĂŽte orientale. Toutefois, peu dâĂ©crits proviennent de lâAfrique notamment lâAfrique de lâOuest, tant sur la question gĂ©nĂ©rale de lâe-finance que sur celle de lâe-finance et les PME surtout dans lâactuel contexte de la mondialisation. Par ailleurs, cette question dâe-finance et de son apport aux jeunes entreprises est tout aussi importante quâelle est dâactualitĂ©. En effet, ces jeunes entreprises constitue une force importante et un atout majeur des pays en dĂ©veloppement en ce sens quâelles contribuent, mĂȘme souvent dans le secteur informel, Ă lâĂ©conomie de ces pays par la crĂ©ation dâemplois et surtout par la gĂ©nĂ©ration de richesses directement injectable dans lâĂ©conomie brute » Cependant, souvent nĂ©gligĂ©es, ces PME ont besoin dâaide en vue de valoriser les richesses de leur pays et aussi de rester compĂ©titives et de survivre dans la globalisation et son marchĂ© interplanĂ©taire. Câest Ă la recherche de rĂ©ponses et dâaide aux PME, que ce mĂ©moire vient dans une quĂȘte de voir comment lâimplantation de lâe-finance dans un systĂšme financier et dans le management dâune entreprise peut aider Ă accĂ©der Ă des ressources bĂ©nĂ©fiques Ă lâensemble du systĂšme. En vue de rĂ©pondre Ă ces questions, une approche Ă©pistĂ©mologique constructiviste a Ă©tĂ© adoptĂ©e. Aussi, un guide dâentrevue a Ă©tĂ© bĂąti autour du modĂšle dâacceptance technologique de Davis avec quelques ajouts de variables. De plus, lâoutil de collecte de donnĂ©es utilisĂ© Ă©tait lâentrevue en vue de recueillir des perceptions de nos rĂ©pondants. Ă cet effet, diffĂ©rentes entrevues, individuelles et focus group, ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es dans une approche holistico-inductive en vue dâapprĂ©hender les perceptions des managers et des diffĂ©rents acteurs de lâe-finance quant au sujet de lâe-finance comme nouveau systĂšme. Alors cette recherche sâest dĂ©roulĂ©e dans deux pays dâAfrique de lâOuest notamment le Ghana et la CĂŽte dâIvoire. Une fois ces donnĂ©es recueillies, elles ont Ă©tĂ© traitĂ©es via la grounded theory en Ă©laborant et en faisant ressortir des codes inhĂ©rents Ă des phrases de sens qui en les regroupant ont donnĂ© des catĂ©gories de codes dits codes primaires qui rĂ©sument les idĂ©es Ă©manĂ©es lors des entrevues. Parmi elles, il en est ressorti que le systĂšme financier actuel est obsolĂšte et a surtout besoin dâun renouveau total en vue de permettre aux jeunes entreprises de sâĂ©panouir. De plus le contexte socio-Ă©conomique et la globalisation devenue inĂ©vitable, câest presque un prĂ©requis pour ces gouvernements dâatteindre ce niveau dâutilisation de la finance. Outre les gains notifiables que ce nouveau systĂšme peut apporter, il reste toutefois des dĂ©fis et des freins qui peuvent empĂȘcher ou retarder une implantation complĂšte de lâe-finance dans ces pays notamment le cadre lĂ©gal et institutionnel, la culture et lâĂ©ducation. De nombreuses recommandations ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©mises notamment dans la littĂ©rature et corroborĂ©es Ă travers les recherches sur le terrain. En effet, il a Ă©tĂ© fortement recommandĂ© de mettre en place lâe-Ă©ducation car la clĂ© de lâimplantation est la connaissance. De plus, il a Ă©tĂ© aussi mis en exergue que le gouvernement devrait mettre en place un cadre lĂ©gal et institutionnel adĂ©quat et aussi crĂ©er une plateforme de discussion oĂč tous les acteurs pourraient sâexprimer librement et contribuer Ă leur maniĂšre Ă lâimplantation de ce nouveau systĂšme et ceci rĂ©duirait dâemblĂ©e le manque de communication criard entre les acteurs. En rĂ©sumĂ©, ce mĂ©moire tente de rĂ©pondre Ă diverses problĂ©matiques actuelles qui se posent actuellement au niveau des pays en dĂ©veloppement notamment ceux de lâAfrique de lâOuest. Aussi, il permet de mettre en Ă©vidence Ă quel point lâe-fiance serait bĂ©nĂ©fique aux jeunes entreprises si elle venait Ă ĂȘtre implantĂ©e totalement dans un systĂšme. Toutefois dâautres aspects restent encore Ă approfondir en vue de rendre accessible une implantation plus pratique de lâe-finance
Characterization of virulence factors in the newly described <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotype Keurmassar emerging in Senegal (sub-Saharan Africa)
From 2000 to 2001, nine strains of Salmonella enterica belonging to the new serotype Keurmassar
have been isolated from human and poultry samples at the Senegalese National Salmonella and
Shigella Reference Laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, in Dakar. All strains carried virulence
factors including Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPI)-1, -2, -3 and -5 encoded genes. Strains
did not harbour virulence plasmid. Ribotyping analysis revealed a single clone identical to
Salmonella Decatur isolated in Zimbabwe. These data suggest that strains are closely related,
and may have been spread clonally. In this new serotype, insertion sequence IS200 is not present
World Health Organization Ranking of Antimicrobials According to Their Importance in Human Medicine: A Critical Step for Developing Risk Management Strategies for the Use of Antimicrobials in Food Production Animals
The use of antimicrobials in food animals creates an important source of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria that can spread to humans through the food supply. Improved management of the use of antimicrobials in food animals, particularly reducing the usage of those that are "critically importantâ for human medicine, is an important step toward preserving the benefits of antimicrobials for people. The World Health Organization has developed and applied criteria to rank antimicrobials according to their relative importance in human medicine. Clinicians, regulatory agencies, policy makers, and other stakeholders can use this ranking when developing risk management strategies for the use of antimicrobials in food production animals. The ranking allows stakeholders to focus risk management efforts on drugs used in food animals that are the most important to human medicine and, thus, need to be addressed most urgently, such as fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and third- and fourth-generation cephalosporin
Web-based Surveillance and Global Salmonella Distribution, 2000â2002
Surveillance improves control of Salmonella infections
Proficiency of WHO Global Foodborne Infections Network External Quality Assurance System participants in the identification and susceptibility testing of thermo-tolerant Campylobacter spp. from 2003-2012
Campylobacter spp. are foodborne and waterborne pathogens. While rather accurate estimates for these pathogens are available in industrialized countries, a lack of diagnostic capacity in developing countries limits accurate assessments of prevalence in many regions. Proficiency in the identification and susceptibility testing of these organisms is critical for surveillance and control efforts. The aim of the study was to assess performance for identification and susceptibility testing of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. among laboratories participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Foodborne Infections Network (GFN) External Quality Assurance System (EQAS) over a 9-year period. Participants (primarily national-level laboratories) were encouraged to self-evaluate their performance as part of continuous quality improvement. The ability to correctly identify Campylobacter spp. varied by year and ranged from 61.9% (2008) to 90.7% (2012), and the ability to correctly perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for Campylobacter spp. appeared to steadily increase from 91.4% to 93.6% in the test period (2009 to 2012). The poorest performance (60.0% correct identification and 86.8% correct AST results) was observed in African laboratories. Overall, approximately 10% of laboratories reported either an incorrect identification or antibiogram. As most participants were supranational reference laboratories, these data raise significant concerns regarding capacity and proficiency at the local clinical level. Addressing these diagnostic challenges is critical for both patient-level management and broader surveillance and control efforts.</p
Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health, but obtaining representative data on AMR for healthy human populations is difficult. Here, we use meta-genomic analysis of untreated sewage to characterize the bacterial resistome from 79 sites in 60 countries. We find systematic differences in abundance and diversity of AMR genes between Europe/North-America/Oceania and Africa/Asia/South-America. Antimicrobial use data and bacterial taxonomy only explains a minor part of the AMR variation that we observe. We find no evidence for cross-selection between antimicrobial classes, or for effect of air travel between sites. However, AMR gene abundance strongly correlates with socio-economic, health and environmental factors, which we use to predict AMR gene abundances in all countries in the world. Our findings suggest that global AMR gene diversity and abundance vary by region, and that improving sanitation and health could potentially limit the global burden of AMR. We propose metagenomic analysis of sewage as an ethically acceptable and economically feasible approach for continuous global surveillance and prediction of AMR.Peer reviewe
Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain and the AGISAR initiative
Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat that
medicine is now facing because bacteria have
developed a strong defensive response to the
increasing use of antibiotics. Bacteria have been
able (i) to transfer to pathogens resistance genes
naturally present in antibiotic producing organisms
and the environment, and (ii) to evolve pre-existing
enzymes to inhibit recently developed synthetic
antibiotics. Resistance affects all types of antibiotics.
In contrast, innovation in antibiotic research
faded abruptly in the 1980s. Thus, we face situations
in which bacteria resistant to most, if not all,
antibiotics can cause serious infections