141 research outputs found

    Landscape heterogeneity as an ecological filter of species traits

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    International audienceLandscape heterogeneity is a major driver of biodiversity in agricultural areas and represents an important parameter in conservation strategies. However, most landscape ecology studies measure gamma diversity of a single habitat type, despite the assessment of multiple habitats at a landscape scale being more appropriate. This study aimed to determine the effects of landscape composition and spatial configuration on life-history trait distribution in carabid beetle and herbaceous plant communities. Here, we assessed the gamma diversity of carabid beetles and plants by sampling three dominant habitats (woody habitats, grasslands and crops) across 20 landscapes in western France. RLQ and Fourth Corner three-table analyses were used to assess the association of dispersal, phenology, reproduction and trophic level traits with landscape characteristics. Landscape composition and configuration were both significant in explaining functional composition. Carabid beetles and plants showed similar response regarding phenology, i.e. open landscapes were associated with earlier breeding species. Carabid beetle dispersal traits exhibited the strongest relationship with landscape structure; for instance, large and apterous species preferentially inhabited woody landscapes, whereas small and macropterous species preferentially inhabited open landscapes. Heavy seeded plant species dominated in intensified agricultural landscapes (high % crops), possibly due to the removal of weeds (which are usually lightweight seeded species). The results of this study emphasise the roles of landscape composition and configuration as ecological filters and the importance of preserving a range of landscape types to maintain functional biodiversity at regional scales

    Diversity Of Wheat Crop Management From Conventional To Organic Farming: Socio-Economic And Ecological Assessment.

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    " Biological control is considered a promising way to reduce pesticide use in cropping systems. In this study we aimed to assess biological control and natural enemy communities in a diversity of organic and conventional wheat fields. We also aimed to evaluate economic and labor aspects of cropping systems studied. Twenty pairs of organic and conventional fields were studied in Brittany, France in 2016. Data on carabid abundance and species richness, as well as pest predation rates were collected in fields; crop management and machinery used were also surveyed. We identified 2 organic crop management types and 3 conventional types. Results were not equal for all types of each category. One type of organic crop management, associated with less work for farmers and more economic profit, was beneficial to carabid beetles. Predation rate was lower only in one type of conventional crop management compared with other management types. This study underlines the need to account for the diversity of crop management strategies to assess socio-economic and ecological aspects in organic and conventional farming systems.

    Le projet SEBIOPAG-PHYTO : déterminants agricoles parcellaires et paysagers des variations de niveaux de régulation biologique

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    Ce sĂ©minaire est une restitution des principales avancĂ©es obtenues dans le cadre des projets ANR PEERLESS «viabilitĂ© d’une gestion Ă©cologique renforcĂ©e de la santĂ© des plantes dans les paysages agricoles » (2013-2017) et FRB SEBIOPAG-PHYTO «dĂ©terminants agricoles parcellaires et paysagers des variations de niveaux de rĂ©gulation biologique » (2014-2017). Le sĂ©minaire a rassemblĂ© 60 scientifiques, pour moitiĂ© extĂ©rieure aux unitĂ©s INRA partenaires de ces projets. Il s'est dĂ©roulĂ© Ă  Paris Paris les 27-28 novembre 2017

    Les effets conjugués de la gestion parcellaire et du contexte paysager et de sa dynamique sur les bioagresseurs et les niveaux de régulation biologique

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    Ce sĂ©minaire est une restitution des principales avancĂ©es obtenues dans le cadre des projets ANR PEERLESS «viabilitĂ© d’une gestion Ă©cologique renforcĂ©e de la santĂ© des plantes dans les paysages agricoles » (2013-2017) et FRB SEBIOPAG-PHYTO «dĂ©terminants agricoles parcellaires et paysagers des variations de niveaux de rĂ©gulation biologique » (2014-2017). Le sĂ©minaire a rassemblĂ© 60 scientifiques, pour moitiĂ© extĂ©rieure aux unitĂ©s INRA partenaires de ces projets. Il s'est dĂ©roulĂ© Ă  Paris Paris les 27-28 novembre 2017

    Harnessing the biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland

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    A large proportion of European biodiversity today depends on habitat provided by low-intensity farming practices, yet this resource is declining as European agriculture intensifies. Within the European Union, particularly the central and eastern new member states have retained relatively large areas of species-rich farmland, but despite increased investment in nature conservation here in recent years, farmland biodiversity trends appear to be worsening. Although the high biodiversity value of Central and Eastern European farmland has long been reported, the amount of research in the international literature focused on farmland biodiversity in this region remains comparatively tiny, and measures within the EU Common Agricultural Policy are relatively poorly adapted to support it. In this opinion study, we argue that, 10years after the accession of the first eastern EU new member states, the continued under-representation of the low-intensity farmland in Central and Eastern Europe in the international literature and EU policy is impeding the development of sound, evidence-based conservation interventions. The biodiversity benefits for Europe of existing low-intensity farmland, particularly in the central and eastern states, should be harnessed before they are lost. Instead of waiting for species-rich farmland to further decline, targeted research and monitoring to create locally appropriate conservation strategies for these habitats is needed now.Peer reviewe

    The interplay of landscape composition and configuration: new pathways to manage functional biodiversity and agroecosystem services across Europe

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    Managing agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity and ecosystem services is a key aim of a sustainable agriculture. However, how the spatial arrangement of crop fields and other habitats in landscapes impacts arthropods and their functions is poorly known. Synthesising data from 49 studies (1515 landscapes) across Europe, we examined effects of landscape composition (% habitats) and configuration (edge density) on arthropods in fields and their margins, pest control, pollination and yields. Configuration effects interacted with the proportions of crop and non‐crop habitats, and species’ dietary, dispersal and overwintering traits led to contrasting responses to landscape variables. Overall, however, in landscapes with high edge density, 70% of pollinator and 44% of natural enemy species reached highest abundances and pollination and pest control improved 1.7‐ and 1.4‐fold respectively. Arable‐dominated landscapes with high edge densities achieved high yields. This suggests that enhancing edge density in European agroecosystems can promote functional biodiversity and yield‐enhancing ecosystem services

    Influence des activitĂ©s agricoles et des Ă©lĂ©ments permanents sur la biodiversitĂ© : l’exemple des colĂ©optĂšres carabiques et des papillons rhopalocĂšres dans les paysages agricoles bocagers

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    Le groupe des Ostreacea est un important marqueur des conditions palĂ©oenvironnementales. D'aprĂšs l'Ă©tude du CrĂ©tacĂ© supĂ©rieur du NE du bassin-aquitain (France) et du NĂ©ogĂšne supĂ©rieur du bassin de Sorbas (Espagne), les huĂźtres peuvent ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©es Ă  plusieurs Ă©chelles: 1) les assemblages prĂ©sentent une grande diversitĂ© de gĂ©omĂ©tries spatiales qui sont bien souvent rĂ©vĂ©latrices de la dynamique sĂ©dimentaire; ils peuvent aider Ă  identifier des surfaces stratigraphiques et contribuer Ă  l'analyse des sĂ©diments pour des interprĂ©tations sĂ©quentielles des milieux de dĂ©pĂŽts; 2)les espĂšces se rĂ©partissent ainsi sur un large spectre de milieux trĂšs diversifiĂ©s ; chacune d'elle Ă©tant infĂ©odĂ©s Ă  des conditions environnementales prĂ©cises, elles permettent de reconstituer les paramĂštres climatiques et Ă©daphiques du milieu; 3) les coquilles peuvent d'enregistrer les fluctuations environnementales saisonniĂšres grĂące Ă  l'analyse de leur composition isotopique (C&O) ou par une Ă©tude sclĂ©rochronologique

    Dynamique des paysages agricoles et flux de papillons rhopalocĂšres (Maniola jurtina L., Satyridae)

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    il s'agit d'un type de produit dont les mĂ©tadonnĂ©es ne correspondent pas aux mĂ©tadonnĂ©es attendues dans les autres types de produit : DISSERTATIONLes paysages sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par une dynamique Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles induite par des perturbations naturelles ou anthropiques qui dĂ©terminent le mouvement des organismes et la survie des espĂšces Ă  plus ou moins long terme. Les mouvements journaliers ou saisonniers de complĂ©mentation et de supplĂ©mentation des ressources constituent un processus clĂ© dans le maintien des populations et sont conditionnĂ©s par la connectivitĂ© du paysage.Cette Ă©tude s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e aux relations existant entre les mouvements quotidiens d’un papillon de jour (Maniola jurtina L., Satyridae) et la dynamique des zones enherbĂ©es induite par la fauche des prairies, au moyen d’expĂ©riences de capture-marquage-recapture dans deux sites bocagers contrastĂ©s et d’un modĂšle de mouvement dĂ©veloppĂ© prĂ©cĂ©demment pour cette espĂšce. La fauche des Ă©lĂ©ments enherbĂ©s constitue un changement brusque de la qualitĂ© des taches d’habitat et entraĂźne des modifications de la distribution des ressources et de l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale au sein du paysage.Les observations effectuĂ©es pendant l’étĂ© 2000 ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une redistribution des papillons vers certaines zone enherbĂ©es, qui est dĂ©terminĂ©e Ă  la fois par la dynamique de la vĂ©gĂ©tation induite par la fauche, un comportement d’agrĂ©gation vers les zones de plus forte densitĂ© et leur activitĂ© plus ou moins importante selon les conditions mĂ©tĂ©orologiques. Nous n’avons pas observĂ© de diffĂ©rences dans la redistribution des individus entre les deux paysages contrastĂ©s. Les simulations du mouvement de Maniola jurtina n’ont pas reproduit la dynamique des flux de papillons observĂ©es aprĂšs la fauche des prairies, mais le modĂšle a prĂ©dit de maniĂšre satisfaisante les entrĂ©es totales d’individus vers chaque zone enherbĂ©e, ce qui nous a permis de proposer une mesure fonctionnelle de l’accessibilitĂ© des taches d’habitat des papillons et de la connectivitĂ© du paysage.Les simulations de l’évolution de l’accessibilitĂ© des zones enherbĂ©es selon divers scĂ©narios de composition du paysage en prairies de fauche et en prairies ont montrĂ© que la dynamique de l’habitat des papillons interagit avec la quantitĂ© d’habitat disponible pour dĂ©terminer l’évolution spatio-temporelle de la connectivitĂ© du paysage. L’intensification des modifications de l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale induites par la fauche des prairies peut entraĂźner un isolement des papillons dans certains Ă©lĂ©ments et avoir des consĂ©quences directes sur leur survie Ă  long terme
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