Photochemical synthesis of p-extended ullazine derivatives as new electron donor for efficient conjugated D–A polymers

We report the synthesis of π-extended ullazine derivatives annulated with either electron-poor pyridine or electron-rich thiophene units through a metal-free, photochemical cyclodehydrochlorination (CDHC) reaction. The strongest electron-donor derivative, 7-tetradecylthieno[3′,2′:7,8]indolizino[6,5,4,3-ija]thieno[2,3-c]quinolone, was copolymerized with electron-deficient thienopyrroledione (TPD), isoindigo (IID), and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives to provide three donor–acceptor conjugated polymers (D–A CPs). Their photophysical, electrochemical and photovoltaic (PV) properties were investigated. The polymers showed broad UV-vis-NIR absorption bands with λmax values of 612 nm, 698 nm, 788 nm in chloroform and exhibited optical bandgap (Eoptg) of 1.58 eV, 1.41 eV, 1.24 eV measured as films. Inverted bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (BHJ-PSCs) were fabricated using these polymers as host and light-harvesting materials. The device based on P3:PC70BM blends shows the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.23% (Voc = 0.55 V, Jsc = 7.86 mA cm−2, FF = 52%). These promising results demonstrate that π-extended ullazine derivatives can be used as electron-rich building blocks for the construction of D–A CPs for efficient PSCs applications

Visible and near-infrared organic photosensitizers comprising isoindigo derivatives as chromophores: synthesis, optoelectronic properties and factors limiting their efficiency in dye solar cells

The development of ruthenium-free organic photosensitizers showing panchromatic absorption up to the near-infrared (NIR) region for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is still scarce. Among the sensitizers with absorption beyond 700 nm and developed for DSSCs, only zinc-phthalocyanine and boron-dibenzopyrromethene-based dyes have been able to reach efficiencies as high as 6%. Here we report metal-free organic dyes based on isoindigo, thieno-isoindigo or benzo-thieno-isoindigo chromophores that absorb in the UV-visible and NIR spectral range up to 900 nm. These molecules, that exhibit purple, blue, or green hues, were used to sensitize TiO2 mesoporous electrodes in order to fabricate DSSCs with an iodide/triiodide-based electrolyte. Advanced photophysical characterizations, including charge extraction, transient photovoltage, and laser transient absorption spectroscopy experiments, combined with density functional theory modeling and computational investigations allow us to fully unravel the interfacial processes at the origin of the solar cell performances and to identify the limiting factors. A power conversion efficiency as high as 7% associated with a Jsc close to 19 mA cm−2 was obtained with one of the dyes, which is comparable to those of the best panchromatic organic dyes reported so far. We also demonstrate in this work that the Voc of the solar cells is linearly correlated to the dipolar moments of the oxidized dyes, the molecules possessing larger dipoles leading to the highest Voc value

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Synthesis and studies of visible-near infrared absorbing organic materials for hybrid solar cells

A l’échelle mondiale, la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique est de plus en plus importante. Basées sur le principe de la photosynthèse, les cellules solaires à colorant sont une des technologies émergentes viables pour une intégration en bâtiment. Ces cellules hybrides utilisent un oxyde semi-conducteur inorganique dont la surface est recouverte d’un colorant organique. L’absorption de la lumière incidente par ce colorant va provoquer l’injection d’un électron de l’état photo-excité de la molécule dans la bande de conduction de l’oxyde. Un médiateur rédox présent dans l’électrolyte va venir régénérer le colorant oxydé et générer un courant sous illumination. Les colorants déjà décrits dans la littérature présentent déjà des rendements de conversion pouvant atteindre 14 % mais très peu de ces matériaux peuvent absorber jusque dans la gamme proche infrarouge (700-1000 nm). Pourtant l’absorption des photons de cette gamme spectrale pourrait mener à une plus grande densité de courant générée et à de meilleures performances globales. Dans ce contexte, ce travail présente une étude complète de nouveaux colorants absorbeurs panchromatiques capable de collecter des photons jusque dans la gamme proche infrarouge. Pour cela, l’approche « donneur-accepteur » a été utilisée afin d’obtenir les propriétés optoélectroniques désirées. Une première famille à base de dérivés du benzothiadiazole a été développée conduisant à de très bonnes propriétés d’absorption dans la gamme proche infrarouge (absorption jusqu’à 925 nm). Les propriétés optiques, électrochimiques et photovoltaïques de ces matériaux ont été étudiées afin de comprendre les limitations de ces matériaux pour une application en cellules solaires. Suite à cela, une nouvelle famille de colorant à base de dérivés de l’isoindigo a été synthétisée et étudiée par spectroscopie UV-Visible, électrochimie et simulation DFT. Ces composés absorbent fortement dans la gamme UV-visible et proche infrarouge jusqu’à 848 nm. Après avoir optimisé les conditions d’imprégnation et de formulation de l’électrolyte, nous avons atteint un rendement de conversion en dispositif de 5,76%. Des mesures photophysiques nous ont permis d’avoir une compréhension fine des facteurs limitant l’efficacité de conversion de ces colorants. Fort de ce constat, nous avons amélioré la structure d’une des molécules pour atteindre un rendement de 7,0 %. Nous avons aussi de manière prospective testé différents matériaux alternatifs au système TiO2/iode classiquement utilisé.On a global scale, the share of renewable energies in the energy mix is constantly increasing. Based on the principle of photosynthesis, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells are an emerging technology for Building Integration Photovoltaic (BIPV). These hybrid cells use an inorganic semiconductor oxide whose surface is covered with an organic dye. The absorption of the incident light by this dye will cause the injection of an electron from the photo-excited state of the molecule into the conduction band of the oxide. A redox mediator present in the electrolyte will regenerate the oxidized dye and generate a current under illumination. The dyes already described in the literature shows efficiencies reaching 14%. On the other hand, very few of these materials can absorb up to the near infrared range (NIR) (700-1000 nm). Thereby, the absorption of the NIR spectral range could lead to a greater photo-generated current density. In this context, this work presents a complete study of new panchromatic dyes extending into the near infrared range. For this study, the "donor-acceptor" approach was used to obtain the desired optoelectronic properties. A first family based on benzothiadiazole derivatives has been developed leading to very good absorption properties in the NIR region (absorption up to 925 nm). The optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of these materials have been studied in order to understand the limitations for solar cell applications. Following this, a new dye family based on isoindigo derivatives was synthesized and studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry and DFT simulation. These compounds strongly absorbs in the UV-visible and NIR spectral range up to 848 nm. The dyeing bath composition and the electrolyte formulation were optimized in order to obtain a device conversion efficiency of 5.76%. Photophysical measurements have allowed us to have a fine understanding of the limiting factors of these dyes. On the basis of this observation, we improved the structure of one of the dye and witg this new molecule we reached a power conversion efficiency of 7.0% with a UV-Visible and near infrared absorption for the solar cell. In the last part of this work we have also obtained preliminary results employing various alternative materials to the TiO2/iodine system

Synthèse et études de matériaux organiques absorbeurs visible-proche infrarouge pour la réalisation de cellules solaires hybrides

On a global scale, the share of renewable energies in the energy mix is constantly increasing. Based on the principle of photosynthesis, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells are an emerging technology for Building Integration Photovoltaic (BIPV). These hybrid cells use an inorganic semiconductor oxide whose surface is covered with an organic dye. The absorption of the incident light by this dye will cause the injection of an electron from the photo-excited state of the molecule into the conduction band of the oxide. A redox mediator present in the electrolyte will regenerate the oxidized dye and generate a current under illumination. The dyes already described in the literature shows efficiencies reaching 14%. On the other hand, very few of these materials can absorb up to the near infrared range (NIR) (700-1000 nm). Thereby, the absorption of the NIR spectral range could lead to a greater photo-generated current density. In this context, this work presents a complete study of new panchromatic dyes extending into the near infrared range. For this study, the "donor-acceptor" approach was used to obtain the desired optoelectronic properties. A first family based on benzothiadiazole derivatives has been developed leading to very good absorption properties in the NIR region (absorption up to 925 nm). The optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties of these materials have been studied in order to understand the limitations for solar cell applications. Following this, a new dye family based on isoindigo derivatives was synthesized and studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, electrochemistry and DFT simulation. These compounds strongly absorbs in the UV-visible and NIR spectral range up to 848 nm. The dyeing bath composition and the electrolyte formulation were optimized in order to obtain a device conversion efficiency of 5.76%. Photophysical measurements have allowed us to have a fine understanding of the limiting factors of these dyes. On the basis of this observation, we improved the structure of one of the dye and witg this new molecule we reached a power conversion efficiency of 7.0% with a UV-Visible and near infrared absorption for the solar cell. In the last part of this work we have also obtained preliminary results employing various alternative materials to the TiO2/iodine system.A l’échelle mondiale, la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique est de plus en plus importante. Basées sur le principe de la photosynthèse, les cellules solaires à colorant sont une des technologies émergentes viables pour une intégration en bâtiment. Ces cellules hybrides utilisent un oxyde semi-conducteur inorganique dont la surface est recouverte d’un colorant organique. L’absorption de la lumière incidente par ce colorant va provoquer l’injection d’un électron de l’état photo-excité de la molécule dans la bande de conduction de l’oxyde. Un médiateur rédox présent dans l’électrolyte va venir régénérer le colorant oxydé et générer un courant sous illumination. Les colorants déjà décrits dans la littérature présentent déjà des rendements de conversion pouvant atteindre 14 % mais très peu de ces matériaux peuvent absorber jusque dans la gamme proche infrarouge (700-1000 nm). Pourtant l’absorption des photons de cette gamme spectrale pourrait mener à une plus grande densité de courant générée et à de meilleures performances globales. Dans ce contexte, ce travail présente une étude complète de nouveaux colorants absorbeurs panchromatiques capable de collecter des photons jusque dans la gamme proche infrarouge. Pour cela, l’approche « donneur-accepteur » a été utilisée afin d’obtenir les propriétés optoélectroniques désirées. Une première famille à base de dérivés du benzothiadiazole a été développée conduisant à de très bonnes propriétés d’absorption dans la gamme proche infrarouge (absorption jusqu’à 925 nm). Les propriétés optiques, électrochimiques et photovoltaïques de ces matériaux ont été étudiées afin de comprendre les limitations de ces matériaux pour une application en cellules solaires. Suite à cela, une nouvelle famille de colorant à base de dérivés de l’isoindigo a été synthétisée et étudiée par spectroscopie UV-Visible, électrochimie et simulation DFT. Ces composés absorbent fortement dans la gamme UV-visible et proche infrarouge jusqu’à 848 nm. Après avoir optimisé les conditions d’imprégnation et de formulation de l’électrolyte, nous avons atteint un rendement de conversion en dispositif de 5,76%. Des mesures photophysiques nous ont permis d’avoir une compréhension fine des facteurs limitant l’efficacité de conversion de ces colorants. Fort de ce constat, nous avons amélioré la structure d’une des molécules pour atteindre un rendement de 7,0 %. Nous avons aussi de manière prospective testé différents matériaux alternatifs au système TiO2/iode classiquement utilisé

Alternative Binary and Ternary Metal Oxides for Dye- and Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells

International audienc

Efficient district heating and cooling markets in the EU: Case studies analysis, replicable key success factors and potential policy implications

Based on a case study analysis of 8 well-functioning district heating and cooling markets in different regions of the EU (south, central and northern), the study identifies the factors enabling these heat markets to be efficient and well-functioning and discusses how the identified success factors can be replicated in the EU.JRC.C.7-Knowledge for the Energy Unio

N-type polymer based on isoindigo for bulk heterojunction solar cell

International audienc

Synthesis and properties of conjugated polymers based on ladderized anthanthrene unit

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are interesting building blocks for the preparation of conjugated polymers due to their extended surface and planar conformation. However, their use as comonomer in conjugated polymers often leads to non-planar main chains as a consequence of high steric hinderance at the linking point. Herein, we report the synthesis of a ladderized anthanthrene unit using a sp3 carbon bridge. Three conjugated copolymers with fluorene, isoindigo and bithiophene derivatives have been synthesize and characterized to study the effect of such ladderization on the electronic properties. The dihedral angle between the ladderized anthanthrene and the adjacent units has been significantly reduced by the formation of the sp3 carbon bridge, thus eliminating the steric hindrance with the proton at the peri position of the anthanthrene unit and red-shifting the absorption spectrum by 25 nm

Functional panchromatic BODIPY dyes with near-infrared absorption: design, synthesis, characterization and use in dye-sensitized solar cells

International audienc