39 research outputs found
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Inter-individual genetic variation in the temperature response of Leptosphaeria species pathogenic on oilseed rape
It is important to understand the likely response of plant pathogens to increased temperatures due to anthropogenic climate change. This includes evolutionary change due to selection on genetically based variation in growth rate with temperature. We attempted to quantify this in two ways. First, radial mycelial growth rates in agar culture were determined for a collection of 44 English isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans and 17 isolates of L. biglobosa, at 14 temperatures. For L. maculans the genetic variances in four parameters were measured: minimum temperature allowing growth, optimum temperature, growth rate at the optimum temperature and growth rate at the highest usable temperature, 31.8°C. The standard deviations were 0.068 °C , 1.28°C, 0.21 mm day-1 and 0.31 mm day 1 °C-1 respectively. For L. biglobosa, these figures were, respectively: immeasurably small, 1.31 °C, 0.053 mm day-1 and 0.53 mm day- °C-1. In addition, the incidence and severity of phoma stem canker in planta over a natural growing cycle at four temperatures (16°C, 20°C, 24°C and 28°C) around the average culture optimum were determined. There was no correlation between in vitro and in planta growth, and the decrease in pathogen measures either side of the optimum temperature was much less for in planta growth than for in vitro growth. We conclude that both pathogens have the capacity to evolve to adapt to changes in environmental conditions, but that predictions of the effect of this adaptation, or estimates of heritability in natural conditions, cannot be made from measurements in vitro
EURECâŽA
The science guiding the EURECâŽA campaign and its measurements is presented. EURECâŽA comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic â eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EURECâŽA marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200âkm) and larger (500âkm) scales, roughly 400âh of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10â000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the airâsea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EURECâŽA explored â from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation â are presented along with an overview of EURECâŽA's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement
EURECâŽA
The science guiding the EURECâŽA campaign and its measurements is presented. EURECâŽA comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic â eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EURECâŽA marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200âkm) and larger (500âkm) scales, roughly 400âh of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10â000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the airâsea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EURECâŽA explored â from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation â are presented along with an overview of EURECâŽA's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement
Simulating the impact of genetic diversity of Medicago truncatula on germination and emergence using a crop emergence model for ideotype breeding
Background and Aims Germination and heterotrophic growth are crucial steps for stand establishment. Numerical experiments based on the modelling of these early stages in relation to major environmental factors at sowing were used as a powerful tool to browse the effects of the genetic diversity of Medicago truncatula, one of the model legume species, under a range of agronomic scenarios, and to highlight the most important plant parameters for emergence. To this end, the emergence of several genotypes of M. truncatula was simulated under a range of sowing conditions with a germination and emergence simulation model. Methods After testing the predictive quality of the model by comparing simulations to field observations of several genotypes of M. truncatula, numerical experiments were performed under a wide range of environmental conditions (sowing dates x years x seedbed structure). Germination and emergence was simulated for a set of five genotypes previously parameterized and for two virtual genotypes engineered to maximize the potential effects of genetic diversity. Key Results The simulation results gave an average value of 5-10 % difference in final emergence between genotypes, which was low, but the analysis underlined considerable inter-annual variation. The effects of parameters describing germination and emergence processes were quantified and ranked according to their contribution to the variation in emergence. Seedling non-emergence was mainly related to mechanical obstacles (40-50 %). More generally, plant parameters that accelerated the emergence time course significantly contributed to limiting the risk of soil surface crusting occurring before seedling emergence. Conclusions The model-assisted analysis of the effects of genetic diversity demonstrated its usefulness in helping to identify the parameters which have most influence that could be improved by breeding programmes. These results should also enable a deeper analysis of the genetic determinism of the main plant parameters influencing emergence, using the genomic tools available for this model plant
Reliable characterisation of pest populations is required to develop integrated pest management strategies. Case study of blackleg disease in oilseed rape crops
*UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Diffusion du document : UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-GrignonInternational audienc
Analysis and modelling of the amount of oilseed rape residues left at the soil surface after different soil tillage operations. Contribution to the Integrated Pest Management of phoma stem canker
*INRA UMR d'Agronomie, EGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Diffusion du document : INRA UMR d'Agronomie, EGER, 78850 Thiverval-GrignonNational audienc
Analysis of the effects of superficial and deep soil tillage on the vertical distribution of oilseed rape stubble : contribution to the integrated pest management of phoma stem canker
*UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Diffusion du document : UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-GrignonInternational audienc
Cultural control : an alternative method for containing phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) of oilseed rape
*UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Diffusion du document : UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-GrignonInternational audienc
Evolution of soil surface oilseed rape stubbles and their ability to produce spores of Leptosphaeria maculans : preliminary results
*UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon Diffusion du document : UMR d'Agronomie, BibliothĂšque, 78850 Thiverval-GrignonInternational audienc