Centralidad urbana y comercio informal: caso terminal pesquero en Villa María del Triunfo, Lima 2019. Complejo comercial pesquero para el desarrollo económico y social de Lurín, Lima 2019

El presente proyecto de investigación realiza el análisis de la estructura urbana en torno al equipamiento de nivel metropolitano: el terminal pesquero de Villa María del Triunfo, en función a la centralidad urbana, identificando la influencia del radio de acción del edificio y la repercusión del mismo entorno al contexto urbano y la presencia del comercio informal en este. Asimismo, hace énfasis en la necesidad de contar con planes de desarrollos urbanos y arquitectónicos para los equipamientos de esta índole. Estos indicadores fueron elementales para comparar y mostrar la relación que existe entre ellos, uno en consecuencia del otro, puesto que estos indicadores hacen referencias a las posibles soluciones que se puedan suscitar en torno al desarrollo urbano del Terminal Pesquero de Villa María del Triunfo y del distrito en general. En la primera parte de esta investigación se exponen las generalidades problemáticas, haciendo énfasis en centralidad y comercio informal, también se reconocen los problemas que existen alrededor de este tipo de mercados a nivel Social, Urbano y Arquitectónico, además se hace referencia el contexto de estudio y las nuevas teorías desarrolladas, finalmente, se desarrollan la formulación del problema, la justificación del estudio, las hipótesis y los objetivos y preguntas en torno a esta investigación. En la segunda parte de la investigación se realiza la identificación de la población objetivo y la muestra específica, además del diseño de investigación y la operacionalización de las variables de estudio Finalmente se realiza la encuesta definida a la población objetivo y se proceden a redactar las conclusiones parciales. Además, en el cuarto y último capítulo se redactan las referencias bibliográficas y los anexos correspondientes, para emitir conclusiones y recomendaciones finales respecto a este lugar de estudio y las variables anteriormente mencionadas

Preventive effect of Oenothera rosea on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea- (NMU) induced gastric cancer in rats

Background: Currently, gastric cancer (GC) is considered a public health problem worldwide. Using medicinal plants for the prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer constitutes new alternatives in traditional medicine. Oenothera rosea (OR) could be an option, but it needs to be evaluated. Aim: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of OR extract on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced GC in rats. Methods: In total, 80 male Holtzman rats were randomized into five groups. Group A received the saline solution (5mL/kg), group B received NMU 500 μg/kg (cancer inductor) by oral administration for 16 weeks, and groups C, D, and E were treated with OR extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively) and NMU in order to evaluate the preventive effect on cancer induced by NMU for 16 weeks. Blood and histological samples of stomachs were collected to determine histopathological, biochemical, and hematological parameters between different experimental groups. Results: Groups C, D, and E presented less histopathological changes such as anaplastic and hyperplastic cells, compared with group B. Hematological and biochemical parameters were recorded, and superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide levels were statistically less than those of NMU group (P<0.05, P<0.01, and P<0.01). Conclusion: Considering the histopathological signs and the antioxidant activity in vivo as well as hematological and biochemical parameters of ethanolic extract of OR, we concluded that its administration in rats has a protective effect on GC, which is induced experimentally. This species could be studied in clinical trials for patients with GC in the future.Revisión por pare

Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P <0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P <0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties.Revisión por pare

Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P <0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P <0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties

Implication of Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Inflammatory Processes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Growth Factors as Therapeutic Approach

Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system. Living organisms produce ROS from molecular oxygen as a consequence of normal cellular metabolism. In order to prevent damage, cells have an antioxidant defense system constituted by an enzymatic component (including catalases, superoxide dismutases, etc.) and nonenzymatic antioxidants component (glutathione, α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, etc.). When the levels of ROS exceed cell capacity, it can cause damage in cellular components such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins, thus altering their function. Whenever this imbalance occurs within the central nervous system, it can lead to the development of the neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of neuronal cells and, in most cases, by the aggregates of proteins that form intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in neurons and glial cells. Data on the literature show that there are two possible mechanisms involved in most of neurodegenerative diseases: (1) mutations and/or aggregation of characteristic proteins of each disease such as α-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease (PD) or beta-amyloid peptide in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and (2) dysfunction of mitochondrial energy metabolism in neurons. In this section, we will focus on this last one.Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plat

Exploring bovine fecal bacterial microbiota in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Northern Mexico

En México la información sobre la microbiota fecal bovina (Bos taurus) es escasa. El presente estudio describe la diversidad y abundancia de bacterias en muestras fecales de bovinos en pastizales, recolectadas en la Reserva de la Biosfera de Mapimí en la parte central del desierto chihuahuense. Las muestras fecales se analizaron mediante secuenciación masiva de siguiente generación de alto rendimiento utilizando la V3-V4 del ARNr 16S en Miseq de Illumina. Se identificaron un total de 17 filos, 24 clases, 33 órdenes, 50 familias, 281 géneros y 297 especies. Firmicutes y Verrucomicrobia fueron los filos más abundantes. Los géneros más abundantes fueron Sporobacter, PAC000748_g (géneros de la familia Ruminococcaceae) y Eubacterium_g23. Se registraron tres géneros (Clostridium, Corynebacterium y Fusobacterium) y una especie (Campylobacter fetus) de bacterias bovinas potencialmente patógenas. Esta información representa una línea base bacteriológica para monitorear el estado de salud intestinal de bovinos en pastoreo y para rastrear posibles interacciones con la microbiota fecal de la fauna nativa itinerante del área.In Mexico, information on the bovine fecal microbiota (Bos taurus) is scarce. The present study describes the diversity and abundance of bacteria in fecal samples from rangeland bovines, collected in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve in the central part of the Chihuahuan desert. Fecal samples were analysed using high-throughput next generation massive sequencing using V3-V4 16S rRNA on Illumina Miseq. A total of 17 phyla, 24 classes, 33 orders, 50 families, 281 genera, and 297 species were identified. Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia were the most abundant phyla. The most abundant genera were Sporobacter, PAC000748_g (genera into the Ruminococcaceae family) and Eubacterium_g23. Three genera (Clostridium, Corynebacterium and Fusobacterium) and one species (Campylobacter fetus) potentially pathogenic bovine bacteria were registered. This information represents a bacteriological baseline for monitoring the grazing bovine intestinal health status, and to trace possible interactions with the fecal microbiota of native roaming wildlife in the area

Forest Restoration in a Fog Oasis: Evidence Indicates Need for Cultural Awareness in Constructing the Reference

Background: In the Peruvian Coastal Desert, an archipelago of fog oases, locally called lomas, are centers of biodiversity and of past human activity. Fog interception by a tree canopy, dominated by the legume tree tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), enables the occurrence in the Atiquipa lomas (southern Peru) of an environmental island with a diverse flora and high productivity. Although this forest provides essential services to the local population, it has suffered 90% anthropogenic reduction in area. Restoration efforts are now getting under way, including discussion as to the most appropriate reference ecosystem to use. Methodology/Principal Findings: Genetic diversity of tara was studied in the Atiquipa population and over a wide geographical and ecological range. Neither exclusive plastid haplotypes to loma formations nor clear geographical structuring of the genetic diversity was found. Photosynthetic performance and growth of seedlings naturally recruited in remnant patches of loma forest were compared with those of seedlings recruited or planted in the adjacent deforested area. Despite the greater water and nitrogen availability under tree canopy, growth of forest seedlings did not differ from that of those recruited into the deforested area, and was lower than that of planted seedlings. Tara seedlings exhibited tight stomatal control of photosynthesis, and a structural photoprotection by leaflet closure. These drought-avoiding mechanisms did not optimize seedling performance under the conditions produced by forest interception of fog moisture. Conclusions/Significance: Both weak geographic partitioning of genetic variation and lack of physiological specialization of seedlings to the forest water regime strongly suggest that tara was introduced to lomas by humans. Therefore, the most diverse fragment of lomas is the result of landscape management and resource use by pre-Columbian cultures. We argue that an appropriate reference ecosystem for ecological restoration of lomas should include sustainable agroforestry practices that emulate the outcomes of ancient uses

Autonomic stress response in PhD students

La sustentación del proyecto de tesis doctoral es una situación que genera estrés con múltiples manifestaciones físicas y comportamentales. En este artículo se analizó la respuesta autonómica de estrés en estudiantes de doctorado en una defensa de su proyecto de tesis doctoral. El estudio conto con una muestra de 16 estudiantes de doctorado, a quienes se les analizó la variabilidad de la Frecuencia Cardiaca en estado basal y en la defensa de su proyecto para evaluar su respuesta autonómica de estrés. Se evidencio que los estudiantes presentaron un aumento en la modulación autonómica simpática en la exposición a la defensa de su proyecto de tesis doctorado, debido a la disminución de los valores de Porcentaje de diferencias entre R-R adyacentes normales intervalos mayores de 50 ms (PNN50) = 15.2±13.7 y la dispersión longitudinal de los puntos, respectivamente, obtenidos a partir del gráfico de Poincaré (SD1) = 34.0±22.2&nbsp;y SD2= 77.1±42.8&nbsp;durante la defensa de su proyecto de tesis.&nbsp; Podemos concluir que con base en los resultados obtenidos el incremento de la modulación simpática, por parte de los estudiantes de estudiantes de doctorado evidencia una baja capacidad adaptativa por parte de ellos a situaciones de alto nivel de estrés como sería la defensa de la propuesta de tesis doctoral, aspecto este que autores previos han relacionado con impedimentos en el rendimiento académico en estudiantes pregrado y posgrado pero que no están inmerso dentro de una actividad investigativa lo cual pone de manifiesto la necesidad de diseñar programas de regulación y entrenamiento del control y manejo del estrés en estudiantes de pregrado y posgrado. Esto permitirá mejorar los resultados académicos en contextos de educación superior como el evaluado en el presente trabajo.The support of the doctoral thesis project is a situation that generates stress with multiple physical and behavioral manifestations. This article analyzed the autonomic stress response in doctoral students in the defense of their doctoral thesis project. The study included a sample of 16 doctoral students, who were analyzed for heart rate variability at baseline and in defending their project to assess their autonomic stress response. It was evidenced that the students presented an increase in the sympathetic autonomic modulation in the defense exposure of their doctoral thesis project, due to the decrease in the PNN50 values ​​= 15.2 ± 13.7, SD1 = 34.0 ± 22.2 and SD2 = 77.1 ± 42.8 during the defense of his thesis project. We can conclude that the increase in sympathetic modulation of PhD students shows a low adaptive capacity in the defense of their doctoral thesis project, highlighting the need to design regulation and training programs for the control and management of stress in students. This can improve academic results in higher education contexts

Caracterización biológica en la zona de transición bosque-páramo del Complejo de Páramos Chingaza, Colombia

The Chingaza paramo complex is located in the Colombian eastern Cordillera, in the departments of Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Meta. Most of our current knowledge about this complex comes from studies conducted near Bogotá and some focal sectors in the National Natural Park Chingaza. The goal of this study was to characterize the treeline transition zone through five elevational transects. As a result, we report 11,588 occurrences and 1382 data of functional traits for plants, edaphic fauna, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. In addition, we report occurrences from two vulnerable (VU) plant species (Hedyosmum parvifolium and Centronia brachycera) and a new endemic species (Puya loca). Preliminary analyses show natural variation in the landscape, community composition and altitudinal location of transition zones along the gradient and between locations. Using this dataset, it is possible to recognize defined transitions between high Andean forests and paramo ecosystems, and their elevation turnover through their physiognomic, floristic, ecological and chorological attributes.La mayor parte de los estudios realizados hasta el momento sobre el complejo de páramos de Chingaza se han desarrollado principalmente en las zonas cercanas a Bogotá y algunos sectores del Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar la zona de transición bosque-páramo en el complejo. Realizamos 5 transectos altitudinales en áreas con buen estado de conservación, en los que se obtuvieron 11,588 registros de ocurrencias y 1382 registros de rasgos funcionales de vegetación, edafofauna, anfibios y aves. Registramos dos especies de plantas en estado vulnerable (VU) (Hedyosmum parvifolium y Centronia brachycera) y un nuevo taxón endémico para este complejo de páramo (Puya loca). Análisis preliminares de los datos presentados sugieren variación en estructura biótica a lo largo del gradiente, y cambios en la composición de las comunidades. Con la información presentada se logró identificar la zona de transición entre el bosque altoandino y el páramo por medio de diversos atributos fisonómicos, florísticos, ecológicos y corológicos