Three-Dimensional Digital Capture of Head Size in Neonates – A Method Evaluation

Introduction: The quality of neonatal care is mainly determined by long-term neurodevelopmental outcome. The neurodevelopment of preterm infants is related to postnatal head growth and depends on medical interventions such as nutritional support. Head circumference (HC) is currently used as a two-dimensional measure of head growth. Since head deformities are frequently found in preterm infants, HC may not always adequately reflect head growth. Laser aided head shape digitizers offer semiautomatic acquisition of HC and cranial volume (CrV) and could thus be useful in describing head size more precisely. Aims: 1) To evaluate reproducibility of a 3D digital capture system in newborns. 2) To compare manual and digital HC measurements in a neonatal cohort. 3) To determine correlation of HC and CrV and predictive value of HC. Methods: Within a twelve-month period data of head scans with a laser shape digitizer were analysed. Repeated measures were used for method evaluation. Manually and digitally acquired HC was compared. Regression analysis of HC and CrV was performed. Results: Interobserver reliability was excellent for HC (bias-0.005%, 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA) −0.39–0.39%) and CrV (bias1.5%, 95%LoA-0.8–3.6%). Method comparison data was acquired from 282 infants. It revealed interchangeability of the methods (bias-0.45%; 95%LoA-4.55–3.65%) and no significant systematic or proportional differences. HC and CrV correlated (r2 = 0.859, p<0.001), performance of HC predicting CrV was poor (RSD ±24 ml). Correlation was worse in infants with lower postmenstrual age (r2 = 0.745) compared to older infants (r2 = 0.843). Discussion: The current practice of measuring HC for describing head growth in preterm infants could be misleading since it does not represent a 3D approach. CrV can vary substantially in infants of equal HC. The 3D laser scanner represents a new and promising method to provide reproducible data of CrV and HC. Since it does not provide data on cerebral structures, additional imaging is required

Retrospektive Erfassung des funktionellen und radiologischen Outcome nach operativer Behandlung der aseptischen Knochennekrose des Hüftkopfes

Die Hüftkopfnekrose (HKN) betrifft vorwiegend jüngere Menschen und führt in den meisten Fällen zur Zerstörung des betroffenen Gelenks. Die gängigen Therapien zeigen keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse. Aus der Literatur ergeben sich Hinweise über den positiven Einfluss der elektromagnetischen Stimulation auf den Knochenmetabolismus und den Verlauf der HKN. Ziel dieser Arbeit war, das funktionelle und radiologische Outcome der HKN nach einem stadienadaptierten Therapieregime mit supportiver Anwendung der invasiven elektromagnetischen Osteotherapie im Rahmen einer retrospektiven Studie zu evaluieren

イネの分げつ制御および根の形態形成における、D10、D14遺伝子およびストリゴラクトンの機能解析

学位の種別: 論文博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学准教授 経塚 淳子, 東京大学教授 大杉 立, 東京大学教授 堤 伸浩, 東京大学教授 根本 圭介, 東京大学准教授 伊藤 純一University of Tokyo(東京大学

Contribution of Strigolactones to the Inhibition of Tiller Bud Outgrowth under Phosphate Deficiency in Rice

Strigolactones (SLs) or SL-derived metabolite(s) have recently been shown to act as endogenous inhibitors of axillary bud outgrowth. SLs released from roots induce hyphal branching of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that facilitate the uptake of inorganic nutrients, such as phosphate (Pi) and nitrate, by the host plants. Previous studies have shown that SL levels in root exudates are highly elevated by Pi starvation, which might contribute to successful symbiosis with AM fungi in the rhizosphere. However, how endogenous SL levels elevated by Pi starvation contribute to its hormonal action has been unknown. Here, we show that tiller bud outgrowth in wild-type rice seedlings is inhibited, while root 2′-epi-5-deoxystrigol (epi-5DS) levels are elevated, in response to decreasing Pi concentrations in the media. However, the suppression of tiller bud outgrowth under Pi deficiency does not occur in the SL-deficient and -insensitive mutants. We also show that the responsiveness to exogenous SL is slightly increased by Pi deficiency. When Pi-starved seedlings are transferred to Pi-sufficient media, tiller bud outgrowth is induced following a decrease in root epi-5DS levels. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated SL levels by Pi starvation contribute to the inhibition of tiller bud outgrowth in rice seedlings. We speculate that SL plays a dual role in the adaptation to Pi deficiency; one as a rhizosphere signal to maximize AM fungi symbiosis for improved Pi acquisition and the other as an endogenous hormone or its biosynthetic precursor to optimize shoot branching for efficient Pi utilization

Strigolactones Negatively Regulate Mesocotyl Elongation in Rice during Germination and Growth in Darkness

Strigolactones (SLs) are newly discovered plant hormones that regulate plant growth and development including shoot branching. They also stimulate symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Rice has at least three genes that are involved in SL synthesis (D10, D17/HTD1 and D27) and at least two genes that are involved in SL signaling (D3) and SL signaling or downstream metabolism (D14/D88/HTD2). We observed that mesocotyl elongation in darkness was greater in rice mutants defective in these genes than in the wild type. Exogenous application of a synthetic SL analog, GR24, rescued the phenotype of mesocotyl elongation in the SL-deficient mutants, d10-1, d17-1 and d27-1, in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect mesocotyl lengths of the SL-insensitive mutants, d3-1 and d14-1. No significant differences in cell length were found between the d mutants and the wild type, except for some cells on the lower half of the d3-1 mesocotyl that were shortened. On the other hand, the number of cells in the mesocotyls was 3- to 6-fold greater in the d mutants than in the wild type. Treatment with GR24 reduced the number of cells in the d10-1 mesocotyl to the wild-type level, but did not affect the number of cells in the d3-1 and d14-1 mesocotyls. These findings indicate that SLs negatively regulate cell division, but not cell elongation, in the mesocotyl during germination and growth of rice in darkness

A New Lead Chemical for Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitors

Several triazole-containing chemicals have previously been shown to act as efficient inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. To discover a strigolactone biosynthesis inhibitor, we screened a chemical library of triazole derivatives to find chemicals that induce tiller bud outgrowth of rice seedlings. We discovered a triazole-type chemical, TIS13 [2,2-dimethyl-7-phenoxy-4-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)heptan-3-ol], which induced outgrowth of second tiller buds of wild-type seedlings, as observed for non-treated strigolactone-deficient d10 mutant seedlings. TIS13 treatment reduced strigolactone levels in both roots and root exudates in a concentration-dependent manner. Co-application of GR24, a synthetic strigolactone, with TIS13 canceled the TIS13-induced tiller bud outgrowth. Taken together, these results indicate that TIS13 inhibits strigolactone biosynthesis in rice seedlings. We propose that TIS13 is a new lead compound for the development of specific strigolactone biosynthesis inhibitors

Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the study of the morphological changes of the postextraction sites

A better understanding of the remodeling process of postextraction sockets is essential in dental treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) can be applied to imaging contour changes of postextraction sites, as well as to its quantification with image analysis of obtained three-dimensional images. This work describes a new application of the CLSM technique. The system used was the OLS3100-USS, LEXT model (Olympus((R))). CLSM was used for the surface analysis of the extraction site. The measurements taken with CLSM were: (1) mesio-distal distance, (2) alveolar ridge thickness, and (3) vestibular and lingual alveolar ridge height. Results of study cast scanning at baseline, 1 and 3 months after tooth extraction, with CLSM are well-detailed images of postextraction areas. The CLSM technique used in study casts is a valid method to measure the dimensional changes that happen in the edentulous area after tooth extraction. This technique allows the evaluation of changes in mesio-distal distance, thickness of the alveolar ridge and alveolar ridge height based on the measurements on the alveolar contours. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:513-519, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Contract grant sponsor: MEC; Contract grant number: AP2008-01653; Contract grant sponsor: Generalitat Valenciana; Contract grant number: MY08/ISIRM/S/100; Contract grant sponsor: FEDERGarcía Herraiz, A.; Leiva García, R.; Cañigral-Ortíz, A.; Silvestre, FJ.; Garcia-Anton, J. (2012). Confocal laser scanning microscopy for the study of the morphological changes of the postextraction sites. Microscopy Research and Technique. 75(4):513-519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.21085S513519754Aguilar, M. L., Elias, A., Vizcarrondo, C. E. T., & Psoter, W. J. (2010). Analysis of three-dimensional distortion of two impression materials in the transfer of dental implants. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 103(4), 202-209. doi:10.1016/s0022-3913(10)60032-7Araujo, M. G., & Lindhe, J. (2005). Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 32(2), 212-218. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00642.xAtwood, D. A. (1963). Postextraction changes in the adult mandible as illustrated by microradiographs of midsagittal sections and serial cephalometric roentgenograms. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 13(5), 810-824. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(63)90225-7Baschong, W., Suetterlin, R., Hefti, A., & Schiel, H. (2001). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of tissue Ti-implant interfaces. Micron, 32(1), 33-41. doi:10.1016/s0968-4328(00)00025-1Belli, R., Pelka, M., Petschelt, A., & Lohbauer, U. (2009). In vitro wear gap formation of self-adhesive resin cements: A CLSM evaluation. Journal of Dentistry, 37(12), 984-993. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.08.006Botticelli, D., Berglundh, T., & Lindhe, J. (2004). Hard-tissue alterations following immediate implant placement in extraction sites. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 31(10), 820-828. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00565.xBüyükyilmaz, T., Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1997). The Caries-Preventive Effect of Titanium Tetrafluoride on Root Surfaces in Situ as Evaluated by Microradiography and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Advances in Dental Research, 11(4), 448-452. doi:10.1177/08959374970110041101Chantawiboonchai, P., Warita, H., Ohya, K., & Soma, K. (1998). Confocal laser scanning-microscopic observations on the three-dimensional distribution of oxytalan fibres in mouse periodontal ligament. Archives of Oral Biology, 43(10), 811-817. doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00057-0Chen, S. Y., Liang, W. M., & Chen, F. N. (2004). Factors affecting the accuracy of elastometric impression materials. Journal of Dentistry, 32(8), 603-609. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2004.04.002Czochrowska, E., �gaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1998). Cariostatic effect of a light-cured, resin-reinforced glass-ionomer for bonding orthodontic brackets in vivo. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthop�die, 59(5), 265-273. doi:10.1007/bf01321793De Carvalho, F. G., Puppin-Rontani, R. M., Soares, L. E. S., Santo, A. M. E., Martin, A. A., & Nociti-Junior, F. H. (2009). Mineral distribution and CLSM analysis of secondary caries inhibition by fluoride/MDPB-containing adhesive system after cariogenic challenges. Journal of Dentistry, 37(4), 307-314. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2008.12.006Dige, I., Nilsson, H., Kilian, M., & Nyvad, B. (2007). In situ identification of streptococci and other bacteria in initial dental biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 115(6), 459-467. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00494.xDing, P. G. F., Matzer, A. R. A. H., Wolff, D., Mente, J., Pioch, T., Staehle, H. J., & Dannewitz, B. (2010). Relationship between microtensile bond strength and submicron hiatus at the composite–dentin interface using CLSM visualization technique. Dental Materials, 26(3), 257-263. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2009.11.003Etman, M. K. (2009). Confocal Examination of Subsurface Cracking in Ceramic Materials. Journal of Prosthodontics, 18(7), 550-559. doi:10.1111/j.1532-849x.2009.00447.xFavia, G., Pilolli, G. P., & Maiorano, E. (2009). Histologic and histomorphometric features of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: An analysis of 31 cases with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bone, 45(3), 406-413. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.008Faria, A. C. L., Rodrigues, R. C. S., Macedo, A. P., Mattos, M. da G. C. de, & Ribeiro, R. F. (2008). Accuracy of stone casts obtained by different impression materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 22(4), 293-298. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242008000400002Fickl, S., Zuhr, O., Wachtel, H., Bolz, W., & Huerzeler, M. (2008). Tissue alterations after tooth extraction with and without surgical trauma: a volumetric study in the beagle dog. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 35(4), 356-363. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01209.xGirija, V., & Stephen, H. C.-Y. (2003). Characterization of lipid in mature enamel using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Dentistry, 31(5), 303-311. doi:10.1016/s0300-5712(03)00068-xGonzález-Cabezas, C., Fontana, M., Dunipace, A. J., Li, Y., Fischer, G. M., Proskin, H. M., & Stookey, G. K. (1998). Measurement of Enamel Remineralization Using Microradiography and Confocal Microscopy. Caries Research, 32(5), 385-392. doi:10.1159/000016475Goracci, G., Mori, G., & Baldi, M. (1999). Terminal end of the human odontoblast process: a study using SEM and confocal microscopy. Clinical Oral Investigations, 3(3), 126-132. doi:10.1007/s007840050090Grötz, K. A., Duschner, H., Reichert, T. E., de Aguiar, E. G., Götz, H., & Wagner, W. (1998). Histotomography of the odontoblast processes at the dentine-enamel junction of permanent healthy human teeth in the confocal laser scanning microscope. Clinical Oral Investigations, 2(1), 21-25. doi:10.1007/s007840050038Iyama, S., Takeshita, F., Ayukawa, Y., Kido, M. A., Suetsugu, T., & Tanaka, T. (1997). A Study of the Regional Distribution of Bone Formed Around Hydroxyapatite Implants in the Tibiae of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Using Multiple Fluorescent Labeling and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Periodontology, 68(12), 1169-1175. doi:10.1902/jop.1997.68.12.1169Kabasawa, M., Ejiri, S., Hanada, K., & Ozawa, H. (1995). Histological Observations of Dental Tissues Using the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope. Biotechnic & Histochemistry, 70(2), 66-69. doi:10.3109/10520299509108319Kagayama, M., Sasano, Y., Mizoguchi, I., & Takahashi, I. (1997). Confocal microscopy of cementocytes and their lacunae and canaliculi in rat molars. Anatomy and Embryology, 195(6), 491-496. doi:10.1007/s004290050068Lam, R. V. (1960). Contour changes of the alveolar processes following extractions. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 10(1), 25-32. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(60)90083-4LOVE, R. M., & CHANDLER, N. P. (1996). A scanning electron and confocal laser microscope investigation of tetracycline-affected human dentine. International Endodontic Journal, 29(6), 376-381. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.1996.tb01401.xLucchese, A., Pilolli, G. P., Petruzzi, M., Crincoli, V., Scivetti, M., & Favia, G. (2008). Analysis of Collagen Distribution in Human Crown Dentin by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Ultrastructural Pathology, 32(3), 107-111. doi:10.1080/01913120801897216Nishikawa, T., Masuno, K., Mori, M., Tajime, Y., Kakudo, K., & Tanaka, A. (2006). Calcification at the Interface Between Titanium Implants and Bone: Observation With Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Journal of Oral Implantology, 32(5), 211-217. doi:10.1563/799.1Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., & Arends, J. (1996). Microradiography and confocal laser scanning microscopy applied to enamel lesions formed in vivo with and without fluoride varnish treatment. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 104(4), 378-383. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00095.xPereira, J. R., Murata, K. Y., Valle, A. L. do, Ghizoni, J. S., & Shiratori, F. K. (2010). Linear dimensional changes in plaster die models using different elastomeric materials. Brazilian Oral Research, 24(3), 336-341. doi:10.1590/s1806-83242010000300013Pietrokovski, J., & Massler, M. (1967). Alveolar ridge resorption following tooth extraction. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 17(1), 21-27. doi:10.1016/0022-3913(67)90046-7Pilolli, G. P., Lucchese, A., Maiorano, E., & Favia, G. (2008). New Approach for Static Bone Histomorphometry: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Maxillo-Facial Normal Bone. Ultrastructural Pathology, 32(5), 189-192. doi:10.1080/01913120802397836Pioch, T., Sorg, T., Stadler, R., Hagge, M., & Dörfer, C. E. (2004). Resin penetration through submicrometer hiatus structures: A SEM and CLSM study. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 71B(2), 238-243. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30021Radlanski, R. J., Renz, H., Willersinn, U., Cordis, C. A., & Duschner, H. (2001). Outline and arrangement of enamel rods in human deciduous and permanent enamel. 3D-reconstructions obtained from CLSM and SEM images based on serial ground sections. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 109(6), 409-414. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00149.xSakakura, Y., Yajima, T., & Tsuruga, E. (1998). Confocal laser scanning and microscopic study of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in the dental follicle during early morphogenesis of mouse embryonic molar teeth. Archives of Oral Biology, 43(5), 353-360. doi:10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00019-3Scivetti, M., Pilolli, G. P., Corsalini, M., Lucchese, A., & Favia, G. (2007). Confocal laser scanning microscopy of human cementocytes: Analysis of three-dimensional image reconstruction. Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger, 189(2), 169-174. doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2006.09.009Sønju Clasen, A. B., Øgaard, B., Duschner, H., Ruben, J., Arends, J., & Sönju, T. (1997). Caries Development in Fluoridated and Non-Fluoridated Deciduous and Permanent Enamel in Situ Examined by Microradiography and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Advances in Dental Research, 11(4), 442-447. doi:10.1177/08959374970110041001Suzuki, K., Aoki, K., & Ohya, K. (1997). Effects of surface roughness of titanium implants on bone remodeling activity of femur in rabbits. Bone, 21(6), 507-514. doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(97)00204-4Takenaka, S., Iwaku, M., & Hoshino, E. (2001). Artificial Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy, 7(2), 87-93. doi:10.1007/s101560100014Thongthammachat, S., Moore, B. K., Barco, M. T., Hovijitra, S., Brown, D. T., & Andres, C. J. (2002). Dimensional accuracy of dental casts: Influence of tray material, impression material, and time. Journal of Prosthodontics, 11(2), 98-108. doi:10.1053/jopr.2002.125192Traini, T., Degidi, M., Iezzi, G., Artese, L., & Piattelli, A. (2007). Comparative evaluation of the peri-implant bone tissue mineral density around unloaded titanium dental implants. Journal of Dentistry, 35(1), 84-92. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2006.05.002Van der Weijden, F., Dell’Acqua, F., & Slot, D. E. (2009). Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post-extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 36(12), 1048-1058. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01482.xZaura-Arite, E., van Marle, J., & ten Cate, J. M. (2001). Confocal Microscopy Study of Undisturbed and Chlorhexidine-treated Dental Biofilm. Journal of Dental Research, 80(5), 1436-1440. doi:10.1177/0022034501080005100

Structural Requirements of Strigolactones for Hyphal Branching in AM Fungi

Strigolactones are a group of terpenoid lactones that act as a host-derived signal in the rhizosphere communication of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and root parasitic weeds as well as an endogenous plant hormone regulating shoot branching in plants. Strigolactones induce hyphal branching in AM fungi at very low concentrations, suggesting a highly sensitive perception system for strigolactones present in AM fungi. However, little is known about the structural requirements of strigolactones for hyphal branching in AM fungi. Here, we tested a series of natural and synthetically modified strigolactones as well as non-strigolactone-type germination stimulants for hyphal branching-inducing activity in germinating spores of the AM fungus Gigaspora margarita. All tested compounds with a tricyclic lactone coupled to a methylbutenolide via an enol ether bond showed activity, but differed in the active concentration and in the branching pattern of hyphae. Truncation of the A- and AB-rings in the tricyclic ABC lactone of strigolactones resulted in a drastic reduction in hyphal branching activity. Although the connection of the C-ring in the tricyclic lactone to the methylbutenolide D-ring was shown to be essential for hyphal branching, the bridge structure in the C–D part was found not necessarily to be enol ether, being replaceable with either alkoxy or imino ethers. These structural requirements in AM fungi are very similar but not identical to those observed in root parasitic weeds, especially with respect to the enol ether bridge in the C–D part

Chlorhexidine Substantivity on Salivary Flora and Plaque-Like Biofilm: An In Situ Model

This work was supported by project FIS PI11/01383 from Carlos III Institute of Health (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain

Over-expression of the IGI1 leading to altered shoot-branching development related to MAX pathway in Arabidopsis

Shoot branching and growth are controlled by phytohormones such as auxin and other components in Arabidopsis. We identified a mutant (igi1) showing decreased height and bunchy branching patterns. The phenotypes reverted to the wild type in response to RNA interference with the IGI1 gene. Histochemical analysis by GUS assay revealed tissue-specific gene expression in the anther and showed that the expression levels of the IGI1 gene in apical parts, including flowers, were higher than in other parts of the plants. The auxin biosynthesis component gene, CYP79B2, was up-regulated in igi1 mutants and the IGI1 gene was down-regulated by IAA treatment. These results indicated that there is an interplay regulation between IGI1 and phytohormone auxin. Moreover, the expression of the auxin-related shoot branching regulation genes, MAX3 and MAX4, was down-regulated in igi1 mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that the overexpression of the IGI1 influenced MAX pathway in the shoot branching regulation